<p>This monograph can be divided into four parts. The first part focuses on the geography and climate of the arid regions of Central Asia, taking 19 species of semi-shrubs/semi-shrubs (such as Ephedra and Calligonum) from 9 families such as Chenopodiaceae and Legumentum as objects to analyze their survival basis in extreme environments and reveal the impact of topography (Mountains, deserts) and climate (drought and little rainfall) on vegetation distribution. The second part focuses on analyzing the xerophytic structure: the leaves have thickened cuticle and sunken stomata (such as salsola vesicular hair); the root system is deeply rooted and the lateral roots are expanded (such as the root-to-shoot ratio of Ammopiptanthus is increased); The stems are highly lignified and dense vascular bundles (such as the thick-walled cells of Ephedra). The stems of some species contain water-storing tissue (such as Anabasis). The adaptability differences of different groups are compared through microstructure. The third part explains drought-resistant strategies: leaves reduce surface area and form compound epidermis to reduce transpiration; roots are deeply and widely distributed to improve water absorption efficiency; thick-walled cells in stems enhance support, and water-storing cells respond to water shortage. Typical examples are the fleshy leaves of Ceratoides and the energy storage of Astragalus roots, reflecting the co-evolution of morphological structure and arid environment. The fourth part evaluates the value of species such as sand fixation (Artemisia japonica) and medicinal (licorice). In response to the problem of habitat fragmentation, it proposes strategies for habitat restoration, monitoring network construction and stress-resistant variety screening, which will provide the basis for desert ecological protection and agricultural sustainability in Central Asia. Sustainable development provides anatomical basis. </p>