<p>This monograph can be divided into three parts. The first part discusses the classification of rare plants and new species, records the geographical distribution and classification revision of 23 endemic plants in the Tianshan Mountains of Kazakhstan, and confirms the validity of new species such as Gagea neo-popovii through chromosome analysis. The root morphology and mycorrhizal symbiosis mechanism of 108 species of woody plants introduced in the Turkmen Botanical Garden under drought conditions were reported for the first time. It was found that horizontal root expansion can improve drought resistance. The second part studies the interaction between fungi and plants, describes the colonization of the newly discovered fungal species Pleospora incarvilleae in the root system of the host plant, and reveals that an acidic environment (reduced pH) can increase the spore germination rate of wheat leaf spot pathogen by 25%-30%. Anatomic analysis of representative species of the class Discoytes and Agaricus shows that there is a significant correlation between their cell structure and extreme environmental adaptation. The third part involves plant taxonomy and molecular marker technology. It revises the taxonomic status of Allium and Astragalus, and proposes a population identification method based on karyotype characteristics and molecular markers. Through ecological research on lichens and yeasts, the association between genetic diversity and geographical isolation of mountain plants in Central Asia was explored. </p>