<p>This monograph can be divided into three parts. The first part discusses the discovery of rare plants and new species. It records 23 endemic plants in northern Kazakhstan and Tianshan Mountains, analyzes their geographical distribution and taxonomic status, and reports for the first time the root morphology and drought resistance mechanism of 108 woody plants introduced in the Turkmenistan Botanical Garden under drought conditions. Newly discovered fungal species Pleospora incarvilleae and Urocystis oxygraphidis and revealed their symbiotic relationship with host plants. The second part focuses on plant taxonomy and cytology, and conducts karyotype analysis of Allium, Astragalus and other groups to confirm the validity of new species such as Gagea neo-popovii. Through chromosome counting, the association between genetic diversity and geographical isolation of mountain plants in Central Asia was explored, and a population identification method based on molecular markers was proposed. The third part studies the ecology of fungi and lichens, describes the morphological characteristics of lichens and yeasts, and analyzes the effect of acidic environment on the spore germination rate of wheat leaf spot pathogen (increased by 25%). In addition, anatomical observations were carried out on representative species of the class Discoytes and Agaricus to reveal the correlation between their cell structure and extreme environmental adaptation. </p>