<p>This monograph can be divided into three parts. The first part discusses rare and endangered plant species, records 22 endemic plants (such as Merendera robusta, Colchicum kesselringii) in northern Kazakhstan and Tianshan, analyzes their geographical distribution and threat factors, and emphasizes the importance of Aksu District Nature Reserve for plant protection. The root morphology and drought-resistance physiological indicators of 137 species of woody plants (such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Hippophae rhamnoides) introduced in the Turkmen Botanical Garden were reported for the first time, and horizontal root expansion was found to be the main adaptation strategy. The second part studies the interaction between fungi and plants, describes the colonization laws of newly discovered fungal species in plant roots in arid areas, and reveals that mycorrhizal symbiosis can improve plants 'absorption efficiency of phosphorus and water. At the same time, the effects of different pH environments on the morphological variation of Helminthosporium sativum and Alternaria tenuis were analyzed, and it was found that the germination rate of fungal spores increased by 30% under acidic conditions. The third part involves plant systematics, revising the taxonomic status of Allium, Astragalus and other groups, and confirming the taxonomic validity of new species such as Silene tianschanica. Through chromosome analysis (such as Picea schrenkiana's karyotype characteristics), the relationship between genetic diversity and geographical isolation of mountain plants in Central Asia was discussed, and a population identification method based on molecular markers was proposed. </p>