<p>This monograph can be divided into three parts. The first part records 23 endemic plants in and around the Tianshan Mountains of Kazakhstan, analyzes their geographical distribution and taxonomic status, and reports for the first time the root morphology and mycorrhizal symbiosis mechanism of 108 species of woody plants introduced in the Turkmenistan Botanical Garden under drought conditions. Newly discovered fungal species Pleospora incarvilleae and Urocystis oxygraphidis and revealed their symbiotic relationship with host plants. The second part deals with plant systematics and molecular biology, revising the taxonomic status of Allium and Astragalus, confirming the validity of new species such as Silene tianschanica by chromosome analysis, and proposing a population identification method based on molecular markers. At the same time, the ecological distribution of lichens and yeasts was studied to reveal the impact of acidic environment on the spore germination rate of wheat leaf spot fungus (increased by 25%-30%). The third part focuses on bryophytes and microbial ecology, describes the morphological characteristics and ecological adaptation strategies of 126 species of bryophytes in northern Kazakhstan and the Tianshan Mountains, and analyzes their survival mechanisms in extreme environments. The correlation between fungal cell structure and environmental adaptation was explored through anatomical observation of representative species of the class Discoytes and Agaricus. </p>