<p>This monograph can be divided into three parts. The first part discusses plant taxonomy and new species discovery, records the classification revisions of 21 endemic plants in the Tianshan region of Kazakhstan, and confirms their genetic diversity through chromosome analysis. The root adaptability of 127 species of woody plants introduced in the Turkmen Botanical Garden under drought conditions was reported for the first time. It was found that horizontal root expansion and mycorrhizal symbiosis were key drought-resistant strategies. The second part studies the interaction between fungi and plants, describes the colonization mechanism of newly discovered fungal species in the root system of host plants, and reveals that acidic environment can increase the spore germination rate of wheat leaf spot pathogen by 28%. Anatomic analysis of representative species of the class Discoytes and Agaricus shows that there is a significant correlation between their cell structure and extreme environmental adaptation. The third part involves the geographical distribution and ecological protection of plants. It analyzes the geographical distribution pattern of endangered plants in northern Kazakhstan and the Tianshan Mountains, and emphasizes the protection value of the Aksu District Nature Reserve for Merendera robusta and other species. </p>