The monograph The Ancient Syr Darya Delta and Northern Kyzylkum was published in two volumes. It represents a scientific synthesis of many years of research conducted by the former Kyzylorda Scientific Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, with the participation of specialists from the institutes of soil science, geology, and botany under the scientific supervision of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences V. M. Borovsky. The results of large-scale integrated land-reclamation studies carried out in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya between 1946 and 1955 provided the scientific foundation for the irrigation agriculture development plan for the Kyzylorda irrigation region prepared by the Kazakh Institute for Water Resources and Hydropower Design. Practical implementation of this plan began in 1956. The significance of these studies extends beyond the development of the Kyzylorda irrigation district itself and is also valuable for addressing broader issues related to the development of irrigated agriculture throughout Kyzylorda Oblast. This work has important theoretical significance for the study of delta regions and the valleys of major rivers. Using the lower Syr Darya as an example, it elucidates the developmental pathways and characteristic features of delta soils in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It also provides practical guidance for specialists engaged in the complex task of managing soil processes in order to enhance soil fertility and improve irrigated agricultural production. The findings presented in the book offer convincing evidence of the effectiveness of comprehensive scientific research conducted in close cooperation with production and engineering-design organizations. The first volume discusses the origin and development of landforms, geology, groundwater and its dynamics, climate, and soils. The second volume examines the water-salt dynamics of soils, issues of soil genesis and classification, types of salt accumulation, forage resources, natural regions, and the agricultural development of the ancient Syr Darya Delta and Northern Kyzylkum (Central Turan). Together, these areas constitute a vast and insufficiently studied region of Central Asia that is of great economic importance for the development of irrigated agriculture and animal husbandry. The book is intended for specialists interested in geography, soil science, hydrogeology, irrigation, agriculture, the development and economic exploitation of Central Turan, and comparable regions in the southeastern part of the Soviet Union.