1969年秋，在奥尔忠尼启则市附近的格纳尔东河流域，发现了科尔卡冰川发生灾难性推进，这引起了各领域专家，尤其是冰川学家的关注。当地居民记忆中部分残留的1902年那次巨大的\"格纳尔东灾难\"事件，加剧了当时已然紧张的局势。1969年10月赶赴现场的特设委员会确认，科尔卡冰川显著向前推进，直至与迈利冰川汇合，随后其活动性在10月底急剧下降，冰川流域内未发现危险的水体积聚，并据此得出结论，认为其突然的推进已告结束，因此该地区遭受任何破坏的威胁也已消除。\n然而，11月初，冰川恢复了强大的推进，并一直持续到1970年1月上旬。尽管河谷坡度极小，但冰川前缘的推进速度有时仍达到每天数十米，而推进冰舌的厚度达到130米。从11月初到1月初，冰川沿河谷向下推进了2公里，掩埋了上卡尔马顿极其珍贵的矿泉，并造成了后续溃决、洪水和水冰喷发的真实威胁。\n显然，科尔卡冰川的推进并非文献中已知的\"崩塌\"之类的偶然事件，而是冰川区多种自然过程复杂相互作用的结果，其中大部分过程尚不为人知。因此，任务在于对这种冰川快速跃动进行严肃的冰川学研究，以便制定合理且切实可行的监测、预测及防护措施计划，同时也为了查明此类现象的真实原因、规律性和可能规模，这对于山区开发至关重要。\n1970年初，苏联科学院地理研究所加入了这项工作。在该研究所冰川学部成立了一个专门的考察队，其职责除了在格纳尔东冰川流域进行野外调查外，还包括承担预警监控和信息服务职能。\n尽管苏联科学院地理研究所拥有研究类似冰川推进事件的经验（1963年帕米尔的麦德韦日冰川），但考察队成员实质上是在一个完全未经研究的科学问题框架内进行研究，这需要广泛的综合方法。这些工作是国际冰川波动观测计划的一部分，尤其是其中旨在阐明冰川突然跃动的物理原因和机制，最终为建立其预测基础的最重要部分。\n考察队的工作计划由A. N. 克连克、K. P. 罗托塔耶夫和V. G. 霍达科夫在苏联科学院通讯院士V. M. 科特利亚科夫的指导下制定。野外调查的实际领导由考察队队长K. P. 罗托塔耶夫负责。\n考察队完成了流域内的气象观测，并分析了冰川区热量、物质和水平衡的形成条件、格纳尔东现代冰川作用存在的条件；进行了大地测量和制图工作，从而为定量评估流域结构、其冰川作用、科尔卡冰川的各种参数奠定了基础，并编制了一系列记录特定时期状况的地图；开展了水文观测，以弄清冰川流域融水和大气降水径流的形成、积聚和结构条件，并预测危险的溃决洪水和泥石流的可能性；运用地球物理方法对冰川区进行了地质-地貌和工程-冰川学研究，得以确定该地区大多数第四纪形态结构和沉积物的成因及参数，揭示了一系列重大冰川变化和灾难的规模与相对年代；直接的冰川学研究，包括详细研究科尔卡冰川的结构特征、物质平衡和动态演化、冰川跃动的形成和发展条件、其推进所引发的次生冰川过程的成因和性质。\n所有这些工作辅以对不同年份航空摄影资料的判读、航空目视观测、对有关格纳尔东冰川及流域的历史资料、证据和零散文献数据的搜集、整理和研究，以及其他必要的研究。对这些材料的分析使得能够相当清晰地重建过去的冰川作用状况以及1902年\"格纳尔东灾难\"的性质，对其研究对于理解冰川当前及未来可能的变化非常重要。\n除了野外观测外，还进行了一系列重要计算：评估了科尔卡冰川流域可能的水体积聚量及可能的溃决洪水体积，从而能够切实评估该地区经济和居民面临的威胁程度，并针对自然灾害制定有效的应急措施体系。\n野外调查常常不得不在人迹罕至和高山危险区域进行。八年间，有大量工作人员参与了考察队的工作。虽无法在此一一列举多年研究的所有参与者或特别突出其中任何人，但作者谨向所有人致以敬意和感谢，感谢他们忘我而艰辛的劳动，没有这些，现代冰川学科学的实际发展是不可能的。\n本书的结构安排是，在一系列章节中依次阐述：初步勘察工作的初步结果，然后是第一个研究周期的总结及基于此形成的基本冰川过程预测，最后是通过后续多年研究对以此方式得出的观点进行修正。本专著基于1970-1975年的研究材料，部分使用了1976-1978年的工作成果。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：К.П. 罗塔塔耶夫,(К.П. Ротатаев) В.Г. 霍达科夫, (В.Г. Ходаков) А.Н. 克连克 (А.Н. Кренке)\n出版社：Издательство «Наука»\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1983年\n页数：167页 \n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 551.326.6 \n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70020949
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 109820380, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "fce172b8-6fb9-449d-af02-6d7e3f078d1e.png", "ds_thumb_from": 2, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-14 10:49:57", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-16 17:40:39", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02315", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202508070002（XJLASRU70020949）双层.pdf", "size": 109820380, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Research on the leaping glacier \"Korka\"", "ds_abstract": "In the autumn of 1969, a catastrophic advance of the Kolka Glacier was detected in the Genaldon River basin near the city of Ordzhonikidze. This attracted the attention of specialists in various fields, particularly glaciologists. The already tense situation was aggravated by local residents’ fragmentary recollections of the enormous “Genaldon catastrophe” of 1902. A special commission dispatched to the area in October 1969 confirmed that the Kolka Glacier had advanced considerably, reaching the Maili Glacier. Its activity then declined sharply toward the end of October. No dangerous accumulation of water was discovered within the glacier basin, and it was therefore concluded that the sudden advance had ended and that the threat of destruction in the area had disappeared.\r\n\r\nAt the beginning of November, however, the glacier resumed its powerful advance, which continued until early January 1970. Despite the extremely gentle gradient of the valley, the glacier front sometimes advanced at a rate of several tens of meters per day, while the advancing glacier tongue reached a thickness of 130 meters. Between early November and early January, the glacier moved two kilometers down the valley, burying the exceptionally valuable mineral springs of Upper Karmadon and creating a genuine threat of subsequent outburst floods, flooding, and eruptions of water and ice.\r\n\r\nIt was evident that the advance of the Kolka Glacier was not an accidental event comparable to the “collapses” known from the literature, but rather the result of a complex interaction among numerous natural processes in the glacial zone, most of which remained unknown. The task, therefore, was to conduct a rigorous glaciological investigation of this rapid glacier surge in order to develop a sound and practicable program of monitoring, forecasting, and protective measures. It was also necessary to determine the true causes, regularities, and possible scale of such phenomena, which are of great importance for the development of mountain regions.\r\n\r\nAt the beginning of 1970, the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR joined the investigation. A special expedition was established within the institute’s Department of Glaciology. In addition to conducting field investigations in the Genaldon glacial basin, the expedition was also responsible for early-warning monitoring and information services.\r\n\r\nAlthough the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR had previous experience in studying similar glacier advances, particularly the surge of the Medvezhiy Glacier in the Pamirs in 1963, the members of the expedition were in fact working on a scientific problem that had never been comprehensively investigated and therefore required a broad, integrated approach. The work formed part of the international glacier-fluctuation observation program, particularly its most important component, which sought to clarify the physical causes and mechanisms of sudden glacier surges and ultimately to establish a foundation for forecasting them.\r\n\r\nThe expedition’s research program was developed by A. N. Krenke, K. P. Rototayev, and V. G. Khodakov under the supervision of V. M. Kotlyakov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The field investigations were directed in practice by K. P. Rototayev, head of the expedition.\r\n\r\nThe expedition conducted meteorological observations within the basin and analyzed the conditions governing the formation of the heat, mass, and water balances in the glacial zone, as well as the conditions sustaining modern glaciation in the Genaldon basin. Geodetic surveys and cartographic work were carried out, establishing a basis for quantitatively assessing the structure of the basin, its glaciation, and the various parameters of the Kolka Glacier. A series of maps documenting conditions during specific periods was also compiled.\r\n\r\nHydrological observations were undertaken to clarify the conditions governing the formation, accumulation, and structure of runoff from glacial meltwater and atmospheric precipitation, and to predict the possibility of dangerous outburst floods and mudflows. Geological-geomorphological and engineering-glaciological investigations of the glacial zone were conducted using geophysical methods. These studies made it possible to determine the origins and parameters of most Quaternary landforms and deposits in the area, and to establish the scale and relative chronology of several major glacial changes and catastrophes.\r\n\r\nDirect glaciological investigations included detailed studies of the structural characteristics, mass balance, and dynamic evolution of the Kolka Glacier; the conditions governing the formation and development of its surge; and the origins and nature of the secondary glacial processes triggered by its advance.\r\n\r\nAll these investigations were supplemented by the interpretation of aerial photographs taken in different years, visual observations from aircraft, and the collection, organization, and study of historical materials, eyewitness accounts, and scattered published data concerning the Genaldon glaciers and their basin, together with other necessary research. Analysis of these materials made it possible to reconstruct with considerable clarity the state of glaciation in the past and the nature of the 1902 “Genaldon catastrophe.” The study of that event was highly important for understanding both the present condition of the glaciers and their possible future changes.\r\n\r\nIn addition to field observations, a number of important calculations were performed. The possible volume of water accumulation within the Kolka Glacier basin and the potential volume of outburst floods were estimated. These calculations made it possible to assess realistically the degree of threat to the local population and economy and to develop an effective system of emergency measures against natural disasters.\r\n\r\n段落 10\r\n\r\nField investigations frequently had to be conducted in inaccessible and hazardous high-mountain areas. A large number of personnel participated in the expedition’s work over the course of eight years. Although it is impossible to list here every participant in these long-term investigations or to single out any individual, the authors express their respect and gratitude to all of them for their selfless and arduous work, without which the practical advancement of modern glaciological science would have been impossible.\r\n\r\nThe book is structured so that its successive chapters present, first, the preliminary results of the initial reconnaissance work; second, a synthesis of the first research cycle and the resulting forecasts of fundamental glacial processes; and finally, revisions to the conclusions thus obtained on the basis of subsequent years of investigation. The monograph is based primarily on research materials collected between 1970 and 1975, with partial use also being made of results obtained during 1976–1978.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): К.П. Rotatayev,(К.П.Ротатаев) В.Г. Khodakov, (ˇ.Г.Ходаков) А.Н. Krenke (А.Н.Кренке)\r\nPublished by: 丨 зда тельство « 丨 аука»\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1983\r\nPages: 167 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п К 551.326.6 \r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70020949", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", and fully complies with the data information of \"Research on the Jumping Glacier\" and has not been changed or deleted.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Research on the Jumping Glacier\" Kolka \"was electronically processed and processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard\" GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources \", the\" Jumping Glacier \"Research on the Kolka\" has not been changed and deleted. The data information of the \"Kolka\" Research on the Jumping Glacier \"is of reliable quality.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "冰川水资源", "山地冰川" ], "ds_subject_tags": [], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1983 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }