常被统称为“非海相”的半咸水和淡水晚古生代双壳类动物，在古生代末期因与海侵海退相关的特殊相环境在广大区域的普遍发展而广泛分布。当时，周期性淹没的滨海平原正在形成，这些平原成为强烈的沉积作用和成煤作用的场所。在不稳定的水化学条件下，双壳类动物构成了动物群的主要部分，有时甚至是唯一的类群。它们既能栖息于滨海环境，也能耐受相当程度的淡化，栖居于大陆内部的残留水体或渗入河口区域。因此，它们可用于同时代但不同相（海相和陆相）地层的对比，这对于西伯利亚晚古生代这样岩相差异很大的剖面来说极为重要。\n在西欧，晚古生代非海相双壳类已成功地用于含煤沉积的区域对比。英格兰含煤盆地的动物群分带可对比至比利时、法国，甚至顿涅茨盆地。对于西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦地区，那里晚古生代含煤地层发育极为广泛，并形成了一系列大型煤盆地，但类似的剖面分带工作尚未进行。这一方面是由于该区域，特别是偏远地区（如西伯利亚地台西北部和哈萨克斯坦东南部）的条件在岩相和气候上具有更大的多样性，另一方面则是因为西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦晚古生代“非海相”双壳类的研究尚不充分。\n通常，西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦境内含煤沉积区域对比的基础是植物群，双壳类用于此目的的程度还远远不够。这不仅是因为迄今为止已知的实际材料有限，还因为这类动物群具有特殊性，使其研究和地层应用都异常困难。\n非海相双壳类外壳形态非常简单，但同时具有很大的个体变异性。动物群通常以内核形式保存的特点，使我们无法研究其内部结构；埋葬过程中的变形使得生前不同的形态在死后看起来相似。双壳类对岩相的极大敏感性导致在区域上同时存在着成分差异显著的组合，在材料有限的情况下，这些组合可能被误认为是不同时代的。所有这些情况有时会导致将完全不同的形态等同起来，这自然可能导致错误的、甚至在同一区域内的地层结论。目前，双壳类对于在有限区域内（单独的勘探区块、矿床）划分和对比含煤沉积的决定性意义已毋庸置疑。特别是关于利用双壳类进行详细地层学的方法，已针对库兹涅茨克盆地的含煤沉积进行了详细研究。在这种规模的对比中，使用的不仅是（甚至不主要是）组合的物种组成，更多的是构成动物群层位的动物群总体面貌：个体大小、特征组分的数量、属的组成、埋藏类型等。然而，这样的动物群层位仅局限于有限区域内。在进行区域对比时，划分动物群组合的原则是不同的，而对比的最重要条件之一就是查明动物群组合在时间上的演替顺序及其在空间上分布和成分变化的依赖关系。要在整个西伯利亚范围内解决这一任务，首先必须查明每个区域的这些问题。直到最近，唯一一个被认为已大致确定了整个晚古生代剖面（从下石炭统到三叠系）双壳类组合成分和序列的地区是库兹巴斯。\n对于其他地区，特别是像西伯利亚地台这样广袤的区域，此前连一个可以追踪动物群组合更替顺序的标准剖面都未曾知晓。已有的材料来自相距甚远的地区和不同的地层间隔，鉴于上述半咸水双壳类的特性，这给查明已确定组合的地层顺序带来了困难。\n目前，晚古生代非海相动物群的产地数量已大幅增加。现在已不再怀疑，先前被认为库兹巴斯特有的晚古生代动物群，在东哈萨克斯坦、西伯利亚地台、泰梅尔半岛、伯朝拉盆地都有广泛分布。\n这一情况使得利用双壳类进行区域对比成为可能。但遗憾的是，在大多数情况下，不同作者根据双壳类软体动物进行剖面对比的方式各不相同，并且与植物群和其他动物群类群的指示意义相矛盾。这既是由于上述原因，也是因为对比的基础常常是依赖于某个单一物种的出现，而该物种鉴定的正确性往往取决于保存状况，其存续时间在每个具体情况下又可能受一系列因素（包括采集的完整性）的影响。\n为了查明利用非海相双壳类软体动物进行西伯利亚晚古生代沉积区域对比的可能性与途径，作者在几乎所有报道存在库兹巴斯型非海相双壳类的地点（见图1）开展了野外工作，并从库兹涅茨克盆地的一些标准剖面进行了重复采集。\n作者掌握了大量的实际材料，不仅来自野外调查收集，也有各界人士和组织友好提供以供鉴定。\n标本集总计约5000件。其中包括来自以下剖面的材料：\n1.托木斯克市附近石炭纪粘土页岩（巴萨奈德组）。标本由西西伯利亚地质局工作人员采集，经描述和鉴定后，已送往新库兹涅茨克市西西伯利亚地质局博物馆保存。\n2.库兹巴斯恰利贾姆村对面的托扬河剖面、米佳尤村下游托扬河剖面中巴拉洪群（C₁ = P₁）和普罗德群（P₂）的沉积物。\n3.来自库兹巴斯全区钻孔的岩心材料（具体位置在描述中给出）。\n4.米努辛斯克盆地伊济赫矿床的无煤组和别洛列琴组沉积物（阿巴坎河伊济赫矿井附近剖面）。\n5.西伯利亚地台布尔古克林组（P₁）和佩利亚特金组（P₂）剖面（戈尔比阿钦河、坦卡河、布鲁斯河、福基纳河、塔谢耶瓦河）。\n6.东南哈萨克斯坦肯德尔雷克向斜的肯德尔雷克组（P₁）。\n7.戈尔洛夫斯克盆地的阿雷卡耶夫组和过渡组。\n描述中未包含戈尔洛夫斯克盆地的大部分标本集，因为该动物群的特殊性需要单独的详细阐述；也未包含哈萨克斯坦迈秋宾群（布科维河、卡拉扎尔山）的采集品，因其动物群中包含大量海相双壳类群，也需另行专门研究。出于同样原因，构成肯德尔雷克组底部的沉积物中的双壳类组合也未纳入描述。\n研究上述材料的第一阶段工作，是查明每个具体区域内特有的组合及其在空间和时间上的分布规律。为此，为最完整地描述组合，文中引用了所有材料，甚至是未能获得精确鉴定的形态。\n工作的下一阶段是对所研究区域的沉积物进行相互对比。为完成此任务，需要解决一系列方法学问题，并需修订所有关于这些区域的现有材料。为此，作者查阅了保存在全苏地质研究所中央地质博物馆及列宁格勒、莫斯科其他博物馆的双壳类标本集，以及勃·伊·切尔内舍夫、叶·姆·柳特克维奇、奥·弗·洛巴诺娃、伊·阿·斯帕斯卡娅、恩·弗·伊万诺娃著作中描述的材料。此外，沃尔库塔地质局的工作人员友好提供了伯朝拉盆地的一小批双壳类标本以供对比；卡拉干达地质局的工作人员提供了卡拉干达盆地的标本集。姆·阿·普洛特尼科娃友好提供了来自俄罗斯地台二叠纪沉积的 Pruukvelda Plotnikov 属的壳标本。我谨向所有寄给我对比材料的人士表示衷心的感谢。为进行对比，还查阅了弗·普·阿马利茨基关于俄罗斯地台的标本集，以及勃·伊·切尔内舍夫和德·姆·费多托夫关于顿涅茨盆地的标本集。通过这些研究，不仅得以查明了库兹巴斯、西伯利亚地台等地具体剖面中动物群组合的垂向序列，还得以勾勒出动物群变化的一些一般规律。此外，有必要修订先前关于某些属的范围、关于西伯利亚非海相双壳类群整体属的组成的概念。不得不重新审订了一系列鉴定，因其已过时或不准确（切尔内舍夫关于米努辛斯克盆地的标本集和柳特克维奇关于泰梅尔的标本集）。\n上述非海相双壳类群的特点决定了在研究它们时需要运用两个基本的方法学原则：对于地层划分——查明各类群的系统发育联系及最具代表性属和组合的演化。对于剖面对比——组合在时间上的更替序列及其在空间上的分布规律。这一问题主要通过编制古生物地理图或图表来解决。通过这个方向的研究，确定了最具代表性的非海相双壳类属的迁移路径。得以构建了几个时间段的迁移路径图和古地理图，并将其用于区域剖面对比。在对双壳类组合进行全面分析的基础上，初步确定了西伯利亚动物群形成的主要阶段，从而能够更精确地界定某些地层单元的范畴和界限。同时，也明确了利用此类动物群进行区域对比以及根据双壳类对西伯利亚晚古生代含煤沉积进行分带划分的可能性。最后，著作中描述了18个属（其中4个为新属）和60个种（其中40个为新种）。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：О.А. 贝捷赫季娜 (О.А. Бетехтина)\n出版社：Издательство «Наука»\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1966年\n页数：220页 \n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 564.1.551.75.(571)(574) \n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70001216
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《西伯利亚和东哈萨克斯坦的上古生代非海相双壳类》的数据信息，未改动删减。
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《西伯利亚和东哈萨克斯坦的上古生代非海相双壳类》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《西伯利亚和东哈萨克斯坦的上古生代非海相双壳类》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 151171876, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "cc9bfa0a-3832-4c5c-9be9-c00ffed200b4.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "170.50" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-03 16:28:52", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-03 18:12:05", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.01980", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202510020002(XJLASRU70001216).pdf", "size": 151171876, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Upper Paleozoic non-marine bivalves from Siberia and East Kazakhstan", "ds_abstract": "The late Paleozoic bivalves of brackish water and fresh water, often referred to as \"non marine facies\", were widely distributed in the late Paleozoic due to the widespread development of the special facies environment related to transgression and regression in the vast region. At that time, the periodically submerged coastal plains were forming, and these plains became places of strong sedimentation and coal formation. Under unstable hydrochemical conditions, bivalve animals constitute the main part of the fauna, sometimes even the only group. They can not only inhabit the coastal environment, but also tolerate a considerable degree of desalination. They live in the residual water body inside the mainland or infiltrate into the estuarine area. Therefore, they can be used for the correlation of contemporaneous but different facies (Marine and continental) strata, which is very important for the late Paleozoic section in Siberia.\r\nIn Western Europe, the late Paleozoic non marine bivalves have been successfully used for regional correlation of coal bearing sediments. The faunal zoning of coal bearing basins in England can be correlated to Belgium, France, and even the Donets Basin. For Siberia and Kazakhstan, the late Paleozoic coal bearing strata are widely developed, and a series of large coal basins have been formed, but similar section zoning has not been carried out. On the one hand, the conditions in this region, especially in remote areas (such as the northwest of the Siberian Platform and the southeast of Kazakhstan) have greater diversity in lithofacies and climate, on the other hand, the study of Late Paleozoic \"non marine\" bivalves in Siberia and Kazakhstan is not sufficient.\r\nGenerally, the comparison of coal bearing sedimentary areas in Siberia and Kazakhstan is based on flora, and the degree of bivalves used for this purpose is far from enough. This is not only because the actual materials known so far are limited, but also because of the particularity of this kind of fauna, which makes its research and stratigraphic application extremely difficult.\r\nThe shell morphology of non marine bivalves is very simple, but it also has great individual variability. The characteristic that fauna is usually preserved in the form of core makes it impossible for us to study its internal structure; The deformation in the burial process makes different forms look similar after death. The great sensitivity of bivalves to lithofacies leads to the existence of assemblages with significant composition differences in the region at the same time. In the case of limited materials, these assemblages may be mistaken for different ages. All these situations sometimes lead to the identification of completely different forms, which may naturally lead to wrong stratigraphic conclusions, even in the same area. At present, there is no doubt about the decisive significance of bivalves for the division and correlation of coal bearing deposits in limited areas (separate exploration blocks and deposits). Especially for the method of detailed stratigraphy using bivalves, the coal bearing sediments in Kuznetsk basin have been studied in detail. In this scale comparison, we use not only (or even mainly) the species composition of the combination, but also the overall appearance of the fauna that constitutes the fauna layer: individual size, the number of characteristic components, the composition of genera, burial types, etc. However, such fauna horizons are limited to a limited area. In regional comparison, the principles for dividing faunal assemblages are different, and one of the most important conditions for comparison is to find out the succession order of faunal assemblages in time and their dependence on spatial distribution and composition changes. To solve this task throughout Siberia, we must first identify these problems in each region. Until recently, the only area considered to have roughly determined the composition and sequence of bivalve assemblages in the entire late Paleozoic section (from the lower Carboniferous to the Triassic) was kuzbas.\r\nFor other regions, especially the vast area such as the Siberian Platform, not even a standard profile that can track the succession sequence of fauna assemblages has been known before. The existing materials come from far away areas and different stratigraphic intervals. In view of the characteristics of the above-mentioned brackish water bivalves, it is difficult to identify the stratigraphic sequence of the identified assemblage.\r\nAt present, the number of producing areas of Late Paleozoic non marine fauna has increased significantly. It is no longer suspected that the late Paleozoic fauna previously thought to exist in kuzbast is widely distributed in East Kazakhstan, Siberian Platform, taimer Peninsula and bochaola basin.\r\nThis situation makes it possible to use bivalves for regional comparison. Unfortunately, in most cases, different authors have different ways to compare profiles based on bivalve molluscs, and they are inconsistent with the indicative significance of flora and other fauna groups. This is not only because of the above reasons, but also because the basis of comparison often depends on the emergence of a single species, and the correctness of the identification of the species often depends on the preservation status, and its duration may be affected by a series of factors (including the integrity of collection) in each specific case.\r\nIn order to find out the possibility and way of using non marine bivalve molluscs to compare the late Paleozoic sedimentary regions in Siberia, the author carried out field work in almost all the sites where kuzbbas type non marine bivalves were reported (see Figure 1), and repeated acquisition was carried out from some standard sections in Kuznetsk basin.\r\nThe author has mastered a large number of practical materials, which are not only collected from field investigation, but also provided by people from all walks of life and friendly organizations for identification.\r\nThe total number of specimens is about 5000. This includes materials from the following sections:\r\n1. Carboniferous clay shale (bassnyder formation) near Tomsk city. The specimens were collected by the staff of the Geological Bureau of western Siberia. After description and identification, they have been sent to the Museum of the Geological Bureau of western Siberia in novkuznetsk for preservation.\r\n2. sediments of the balahong group (C ₁=P ₁) and the prode group (P ɑ) in the tuoyang river profile opposite the village of kuzbaschalijam and in the tuoyang river profile downstream of the village of mjayu.\r\n3. core materials from the boreholes in the whole kuzbbas area (the specific location is given in the description).\r\n4. deposits of the coal free formation and the beloleqin formation of the izih deposit in the minusinsk basin (profile near the ibakan River izih mine).\r\n5. sections of the burguklin formation (P ₁) and pelyatkin formation (P ɑ) in the Siberian Platform (gorbiachin River, Tanka River, Bruce River, fokina River, tasayeva River).\r\n6. kendrake formation (P ₁) of kendrake Syncline in Southeast Kazakhstan.\r\n7. arekayev formation and transition formation in gorlovsk basin.\r\nThe description does not include most of the specimen collections of the gorlovsk basin, because the particularity of the fauna needs to be elaborated separately; It also does not include the collected products of Kazakhstan's maiqiubin group (bukovi River, karazal mountain), because its fauna contains a large number of marine bivalve groups, which also need to be specially studied. For the same reason, the bivalve assemblages in the sediments that form the bottom of the kendallek formation are not included in the description.\r\nThe first stage of studying the above materials is to find out the unique combination and its spatial and temporal distribution in each specific region. For this reason, in order to describe the combination most completely, all materials are quoted in this paper, even the forms that cannot be accurately identified.\r\nThe next stage of the work is to compare the sediments in the study area. To accomplish this task, a number of methodological issues need to be addressed and all existing materials on these areas need to be revised. For this reason, the author consulted the collection of bivalve specimens preserved in the Central Geological Museum of the all Soviet Institute of Geology and other museums in Leningrad and Moscow, as well as the materials described in the works of Bo I cherneshev, ye m liutkovich, O V lobanova, I a spaskaya and en V Ivanova. In addition, the staff of the wolkuta Geological Bureau kindly provided a small batch of bivalve specimens from the bochaola basin for comparison; The staff of Karaganda Geological Bureau provided the specimen collection of Karaganda basin. M. A. plotnikova kindly provided the shell specimens of the genus pruukvelda plotnikov from the Permian sediments of the Russian platform. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all the people who sent me the comparison materials. For comparison, we also consulted the specimen collections of V. P. amaritsky on the Russian platform and those of B. I. cherneshev and de. M. Fedotov on the Donets Basin. Through these studies, we can not only find out the vertical sequence of faunal assemblages in the specific sections of kuzbas and Siberian Platform, but also outline some general rules of faunal changes. In addition, it is necessary to revise the previous concepts about the scope of some genera and the composition of the whole genus of the Siberian non marine bivalve group. A series of identifications had to be revised because they were outdated or inaccurate (cherneshev's specimen collection on the minusinsk basin and lyutkovic's specimen collection on temer).\r\nThe characteristics of the above-mentioned non marine bivalve groups determine that two basic methodological principles need to be applied in the study of them: for stratigraphic division -- to find out the phylogenetic relationships of various groups and the evolution of the most representative genera and associations. For cross-section comparison -- the replacement sequence of the combination in time and its distribution law in space. This problem is mainly solved by compiling Paleobiogeographic maps or charts. Through the research in this direction, the migration path of the most representative non marine bivalve genus was determined. The migration path map and paleogeographic map of several time periods were constructed and used for regional section correlation. Based on the comprehensive analysis of bivalve assemblages, the main stages of the formation of Siberian fauna have been preliminarily determined, so that the scope and boundary of some stratigraphic units can be more accurately defined. At the same time, the possibility of regional correlation using such fauna and zoning of Late Paleozoic coal bearing deposits in Siberia based on bivalves is also clarified. Finally, the book describes 18 genera (4 of which are new genera) and 60 species (40 of which are new species).", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): ○.А. Betehedina (○.А.Бетехтина)\r\nPublished by: 丨 зда тельство « 丨 аука»\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1966\r\nNumber of pages: 220 \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п К 564.1.551.75. (571)(574) \r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70001216", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Document Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\" and fully complies with the data information of \"Upper Paleozoic Non-Marine Bivalves in Siberia and East Kazakhstan\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Upper Paleozoic Non-Marine Bivalves in Siberia and East Kazakhstan\" were electronically processed. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources,\" the data information of \"Upper Paleozoic Non-Marine Bivalves in Siberia and East Kazakhstan\" was not changed or deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "非海相双壳类", "晚古生代地层对比" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "地质学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1966 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }