索恩和彼得森在其著作的前言中写道，全球超过一半人口依赖灌溉土地上产出的粮食来获取食物供应。根据作者的近似估算（其数据见本书表2），在数千年的历史中，人类通过实施人工灌溉仅开垦了1亿零636万公顷的半荒漠和荒漠土地1。院士 Л. И. 普拉索洛夫根据世界土壤图和 И. Ф. 马卡罗夫的世界农业图（见《苏联世界大地图集》）所做的计算指出，全球非灌溉和灌溉农业用地总计约为8.04亿公顷。其中，占农业用地13%的灌溉土地，其生产力相当于其余87%非灌溉耕地的总和。这些数字证明了灌溉措施在世界经济中的巨大意义。显然，灌溉在占巨大面积（约35-40亿公顷）的干旱、半荒漠或荒漠地区尤为有效。\n根据院士 Л. И. 普拉索洛夫的计算，目前开垦的农业用地中有7000万公顷分布在栗钙土带；此外，仅利用现代农技手段，还可以在此开垦另外2.86亿公顷栗钙土。仅灌溉这些土地（3.56亿公顷）就能为人类带来农业产量的巨大增长。根据 Л. И. 普拉索洛夫的数据，相对容易地还可以将荒漠地区的灌溉面积至少扩大1.13亿公顷。\n由此可见，地球上拥有巨大的、相对易于获得的土地储备，可以成倍地扩大灌溉农业。如果再加上在其他更为湿润、几乎无需灌溉的土壤带至少四倍（根据 Л. И. 普拉索洛夫）增加耕地的可能性，那么威廉·沃格特之流的美国\"学者\"关于人类缺乏生存土地的荒谬呓语（以及由此产生的强制减少人口等野蛮主张）就变得完全显而易见了。\n就其本质而言是自发性的资本主义经济条件下，农业发展同样也是自发的。因此，它的个别成功常常伴随着数百万公顷已开垦土地因失去生产能力而报废，这是由于在失去森林覆盖保护影响的土地上，此前肥沃的土壤发生冲刷和吹蚀过程，以及先前灌溉地区发生沼泽化和盐渍化。卡尔·马克思写道：\"结论是：文化，如果让它自发地发展，而不是自觉地加以引导，留给我们的将是一片荒漠……\"1 自觉引导文化，尤其是农耕文化的原则，对于资本主义社会是完全陌生的。\n在这方面，最富有的资本主义国家——美国在灌溉农业领域的\"成就\"非常具有代表性。从作者提供的数据（见表3）可以看出，1919年美国拥有约767.7万公顷（取整）灌溉土地。到1939年，即20年后，美国仅能将灌溉土地面积增加到846.8万公顷，也就是说灌溉面积仅增加了79.1万公顷。与此同时，美国所有的灌溉土地都遭受了不同程度的次生盐渍化，这一过程在西部各州（加利福尼亚、犹他、亚利桑那、内华达、科罗拉多）表现得尤为剧烈。此外，该国灌溉农业的特点还在于，佃农在开垦已具备灌溉条件的土地方面极端滞后。例如，В. А. 科夫达写道2：\"根据美国统计数据，已知新的灌溉系统建成后10-20年，仅能开垦40-50%的土地。\"\n因此，在资本主义经济制度下，土地肥力被耗尽；缺乏有计划地改造干旱、半荒漠和荒漠地区自然条件的前提。要实现改造自然的宏伟计划，国家需要社会主义制度：从根本上改造自然，必然要以社会主义为基础从根本上改造社会生活为前提。\n苏联从沙皇俄国继承的灌溉土地总共只有397.3万公顷；20年后，苏联已拥有超过600万公顷灌溉土地3。也就是说，在同一时间段内，苏联增加了超过200万公顷灌溉面积，而如前所述，美国仅增加了79.1万公顷。根据本书表2的数据，美国未来几年的灌溉面积扩大计划仅为200万公顷。\n与此同时，为创建共产主义社会的物质基础，计划性的社会主义经济致力于改造自然，以使农业劳动成果不依赖于天气的偶然波动。\n根据伟大的斯大林土地灌溉与供水计划，苏联正在史无前例的短时期内（5-6年）将以下面积纳入灌溉和供水范围：\n由于伏尔加河水电站（古比雪夫和斯大林格勒水电站）的建设，在里海沿岸低地和伏尔加河流域，用于灌溉——250-300万公顷，用于供水并附带选择性灌溉——1200万公顷；\n基于顿河水资源和伏尔加-顿河运河，在罗斯托夫州和斯大林格勒州，用于灌溉——75万公顷，用于供水——200万公顷；\n由于第聂伯河上卡霍夫卡水电站以及南乌克兰和北克里米亚运河的建设，在乌克兰南部和克里米亚北部，用于灌溉——150万公顷，用于供水——170万公顷；\n基于土库曼大运河的建设，在卡拉卡尔帕克苏维埃社会主义自治共和国和西土库曼斯坦，用于灌溉——130万公顷，用于供水并附带选择性灌溉——700万公顷；\n基于利用地表（当地）径流，在中部黑土带将灌溉57.5万公顷。\n这样一来，新的灌溉面积将超过700万公顷，而附带选择性灌溉的供水面积将达到2270万公顷，总计约3000万公顷。\n这就是我国水利灌溉工程建设的巨大规模。\n对此还需要补充的是，在我国原有灌溉土地上向新灌溉系统过渡的大量工作。正在进行田块的合并与平整，对数百万公顷的灌溉渠道和集水排水网进行改造，移栽数十万棵树，营造新的护田林带。其结果是腾出大面积土地用于灌溉，并获得额外的灌溉水源储备。所有这一切将为从根本上提高灌溉土地的肥力创造条件。\n考虑到这一点，灌溉专家可能会对资本主义国家，特别是美国灌溉农业技术和农艺技术现状的广泛信息感兴趣。此外，关于灌溉水质量评价和美国采用的改善灌溉水的方法（施石膏等）的信息也值得关注。关于矿物肥料与灌溉水一同施用的信息也很有趣。阅读本书时需注意，书中每一个土壤植物生命因素都不是在相互联系中（众所周知，这是苏联农业生物科学的特点）加以考察，而是单独考察的。В. Р. 威廉斯发现并阐述了所有植物生命因素等效且不可替代的规律。只有综合作用于栽培植物生长的环境，才能消除任何\"限制性\"因素的影响，实现农作物产量的持续提高。孤立地考察个别因素的作用，不可避免地会导致发现\"限制性\"因素，并导致\"后续投入生产率递减\"的伪规律或\"土壤肥力递减律\"的表现。本书作者索恩和彼得森的书中也能找到这种成分，这在第十章中表现得尤为明显。本书作者非常接近解释多年生牧草在提高灌溉土壤肥力方面的作用（创造团粒结构、在土壤中积累有机质、植物营养物质等），但在美国没有全面推行草田轮作的实例，更不用说在灌溉甚至非灌溉条件下建立草田农作制的实例了。我们在一系列问题上所做的个别评论见脚注。译本中做了一些删减，涉及灌溉农业用地的买卖、收益率等问题，这些对苏联读者没有意义。原书中以美国惯用度量单位（英亩、磅、英尺、英寸等）表示的量值（重量、面积、体积等），除极少数例外，均已转换为公制单位；部分图表中保留了美制单位。附录中给出了度量单位换算表
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Д.索恩(Д.Торн) Х.彼得森(Х.Петерсо)\n出版社：Издательство иностранной литературы\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1952年\n页数：380 \n语种：俄文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70020040
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《灌溉土地》的数据信息，未改动删减。
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《灌溉土地》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《灌溉土地》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 147382530, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "b4ca9be0-a805-4d62-9c28-4ce17291fe37.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "210.50" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-03 19:39:29", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-03 19:39:29", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02013", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202506240001（XJLASRU70020040）双层.pdf", "size": 147382530, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "irrigated land", "ds_abstract": "Thorne and Peterson wrote in the preface of their works that more than half of the world's population depends on the food produced on irrigated land for food supply. According to the author's approximate estimation (see Table 2 of this book for the data), in the history of thousands of years, human beings have cultivated 106.36 million hectares of semi desert and desert land1. Academician Л. И. Prasolov calculated according to the world soil map and the world agricultural map of И. Ф. Makarov (see the World Atlas of the Soviet Union), and pointed out that the total non irrigated and irrigated agricultural land in the world was about 804million hectares. Among them, the productivity of irrigated land, which accounts for 13% of agricultural land, is equivalent to the sum of the remaining 87% of non irrigated farmland. These figures prove the great significance of irrigation measures in the world economy. Obviously, irrigation is particularly effective in arid, semi desert or desert areas with a huge area (about 3.5-4 billion hectares).\r\nAccording to the calculation of academician Л. И. Prasolov, 70million hectares of cultivated agricultural land are distributed in the chestnut soil belt; In addition, only using modern agricultural technology, another 286million hectares of chestnut soil can be reclaimed here. Irrigation of these lands (356million hectares) alone can bring about a huge increase in agricultural production for mankind. According to the data of Ⅺ. И. Prasolov, it is relatively easy to expand the irrigation area in desert areas by at least 113million hectares.\r\nIt can be seen that the earth has a huge and relatively easy to obtain land reserve, which can double the expansion of irrigated agriculture. If we add at least four times the possibility of increasing cultivated land in other wetter soil zones that require little irrigation (according to Л. И. Prasolov), then the absurd nonsense of American \"scholars\" such as William Vogt about the lack of living land for human beings (and the resulting brutal claims such as forced population reduction) will become completely obvious.\r\nIn terms of its nature, agricultural development is also spontaneous under the conditions of capitalist economy. Therefore, its individual success is often accompanied by the scrapping of millions of hectares of reclaimed land due to the loss of production capacity, which is due to the erosion and blowing erosion of previously fertile soil and the swamping and salinization of previously irrigated areas on the land that has lost the impact of forest cover protection. Karl Marx wrote: \"the conclusion is: if we let culture develop spontaneously instead of consciously guiding it, we will be left with a desert...\"1the principle of consciously guiding culture, especially farming culture, is completely strange to capitalist society.\r\nIn this regard, the \"achievements\" of the richest capitalist country - the United States in the field of irrigation agriculture are very representative. According to the data provided by the author (see Table 3), the United States had about 7.677 million hectares (rounded) of irrigated land in 1919. By 1939, that is, 20 years later, the United States could only increase the irrigated land area to 8.468 million hectares, that is to say, the irrigated area had only increased by 791000 hectares. At the same time, all irrigated land in the United States has suffered from secondary salinization to varying degrees, especially in the western states (California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado). In addition, the characteristics of irrigated agriculture in the country are that tenant farmers are extremely lagging behind in reclaiming land with irrigation conditions. For example, В. А. Kovda wrote2: \"according to the statistics of the United States, it is known that only 40-50% of the land can be reclaimed 10-20 years after the completion of the new irrigation system. \"\r\nTherefore, under the capitalist economic system, land fertility is exhausted; There is no prerequisite for the planned transformation of natural conditions in arid, semi desert and desert areas. To realize the grand plan of transforming nature, the country needs the socialist system: to fundamentally transform nature, we must take socialism as the foundation and fundamentally transform social life as the premise.\r\nThe Soviet Union inherited only 3.973 million hectares of irrigated land from Tsar Russia; After 20 years, the Soviet Union has owned more than 6million hectares of irrigated land3. That is to say, in the same period of time, the Soviet Union increased the irrigation area by more than 2million hectares, while as mentioned earlier, the United States increased only 791000 hectares. According to the data in Table 2 of this book, the expansion plan of irrigation area in the United States in the next few years is only 2million hectares.\r\nAt the same time, in order to create the material basis of the Communist society, the planned socialist economy is committed to transforming nature so that the results of agricultural labor do not depend on the occasional fluctuations of the weather.\r\nAccording to the great Stalin land irrigation and water supply plan, the Soviet Union is bringing the following areas into the scope of irrigation and water supply in an unprecedented short period of time (5-6 years):\r\nDue to the construction of the Volga River Hydropower Station (gubishev and Stalingrad hydropower stations), in the lowlands along the Caspian Sea and the Volga River Basin, for irrigation -2.5-3million hectares, for water supply and with selective irrigation -12million hectares;\r\nBased on the Dun river resources and the Volga Dun river canal, in Rostov and Stalingrad, it is used for irrigation -750000 hectares, and for water supply -2million hectares;\r\nDue to the construction of the kahovka hydropower station on the Dnieper River and the canals of southern Ukraine and Northern Crimea, in southern Ukraine and Northern Crimea, it is used for irrigation -1.5 million hectares, and for water supply -1.7 million hectares;\r\nBased on the construction of the Turkmen Grand Canal, in karakalpak Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic and Western Turkmenistan, it is used for irrigation -1.3 million hectares, for water supply and with selective irrigation -7million hectares;\r\nBased on the utilization of surface (local) runoff, 575000 hectares will be irrigated in the central black soil belt.\r\nAs a result, the new irrigation area will exceed 7million hectares, and the water supply area with selective irrigation will reach 22.7 million hectares, a total of about 30million hectares.\r\nThis is the huge scale of water conservancy and irrigation project construction in China.\r\nWhat needs to be added to this is the large amount of work in the transition from the original irrigation land to the new irrigation system in China. The consolidation and leveling of fields are under way. Millions of hectares of irrigation channels and water collection and drainage networks are being transformed, hundreds of thousands of trees are being transplanted, and new forest belts for protecting fields are being built. The result is to free up a large area of land for irrigation and obtain additional irrigation water reserves. All these will create conditions for fundamentally improving the fertility of irrigated land.\r\nWith this in mind, irrigation experts may be interested in a wide range of information about the current situation of irrigation agricultural technology and Agronomic Technology in capitalist countries, especially the United States. In addition, the information about the quality evaluation of irrigation water and the methods adopted by the United States to improve irrigation water (gypsum, etc.) is also worth paying attention to. Information on the use of mineral fertilizers with irrigation water is also interesting. When reading this book, it should be noted that every soil and plant life factor in the book is not investigated in connection with each other (as we all know, this is the characteristic of agricultural bioscience in the Soviet Union), but separately. В. Р. Williams found and expounded the law that all plant life factors are equivalent and irreplaceable. Only by comprehensively acting on the growth environment of cultivated plants, can the influence of any \"restrictive\" factors be eliminated and the continuous improvement of crop yield be realized. Investigating the role of individual factors in isolation will inevitably lead to the discovery of \"restrictive\" factors, and lead to the pseudo law of \"subsequent input productivity decline\" or the performance of \"soil fertility decline law\". This element can also be found in the books of the authors Thorne and Peterson, which is particularly evident in Chapter 10. The author of this book is very close to explaining the role of perennial grasses in improving the fertility of irrigated soil (creating aggregate structure, accumulating organic matter in the soil, plant nutrients, etc.), but there is no example of fully implementing grassland rotation in the United States, let alone establishing grassland farming system under irrigation or even non irrigation conditions. The individual comments we made on a series of issues can be found in the footnotes. There are some deletions in the translation, involving the purchase and sale of irrigated agricultural land, the rate of return and other issues, which are of no significance to Soviet readers. The values (weight, area, volume, etc.) expressed in the customary U.S. units of measurement (acres, pounds, feet, inches, etc.) in the original book have been converted to metric units, with few exceptions; US units are retained in some charts. The unit of measure conversion table is given in the appendix", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): п. Thorne (п.Торн) Х. Peterson (.Петерсо)\r\nPublished by: 丨 зда т е льс тво и н о с т р а н н ой л и т е р а туры\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1952\r\nPages: 380 \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70020040", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", fully complying with the data information of \"Irrigation Land\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"irrigated land\" was processed electronically. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the data information of \"irrigated land\" was not changed and deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "水肥协同调控", "土壤性状改良" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "土壤学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1952 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }