“沙漠、沙漠地带、沙漠地区”这些概念至今仍未得到足够明确的界定。然而，大多数科学家一致认为，沙漠并非无生命的地区，那里栖息着多种多样的生物体，不仅有低等生物，还有高等植物、爬行动物和大型哺乳动物。人类也在沙漠中生活并积极开展活动。沙漠分为北方沙漠、南方沙漠和高山沙漠。本书探讨的是南方沙漠的造林问题。这些沙漠的特点是空气和地表温度波动幅度大、大气降水量少（低于300毫米）、空气相对湿度低，并拥有最大的热量和太阳辐射。\n沙漠中也有森林，尽管它们非常独特：稀疏、低矮且几乎没有树荫。主要成林树种是白梭梭和黑梭梭。例如，在乌兹别克斯坦的沙漠中，白梭梭林占地127.4万公顷，黑梭梭林占地36.96万公顷。白梭梭林的面积在土库曼斯坦和哈萨克斯坦尤其广阔。白梭梭同化枝中蛋白质含量高达20.3%，蛋白质14.1%，脂肪2.6%，纤维素含量高达60.8%。沙漠梭梭植物量的生产力不高，为每公顷20至50立方米。河漫滩（图盖）林地中，每公顷有林地的平均蓄积量仅为32立方米，年生长量为2立方米。其他沙漠植物（例如琵琶柴、猪毛菜、盐爪爪、柽柳等）的生产力则更低。如此低的生产力首先是由林木生长条件决定的：土壤贫瘠（常常盐渍化）、流沙以及极少的降水量（80至200毫米）。沙漠草场的可食植被储量也很低，每公顷仅能积累2至4公担干物质。然而，通过实施沙漠草场的林业改良措施，其生产力可以显著提高。这些草场变得多层化，能生产更多的可食物质，并且（这一点尤为重要）适合全年利用。通过栽种灌木和半灌木进行改良、并用乔木树种或树状灌木林带加以保护的沙漠草场，即使在冬季也能被牲畜有效利用。在牧场防护林带系统中放牧，在组织管理上也更加简便。在森林林带和绿色“伞盖”保护下饲养的牲畜，其存活率更高，生产力也更强。\n书中利用了全苏农林改良研究所、中亚林业研究所和土库曼斯坦科学院沙漠研究所完成的科研成果，以及全苏卡拉库尔绵羊研究所、哈萨克林业研究所、苏联科学院森林学实验室、乌兹别克斯坦科学院植物研究所等许多机构已发表的材料。\n在书籍准备过程中，作者得到了全苏列宁农业科学院院士B.B.维诺格拉多夫、全苏列宁农业科学院通讯院士A.B.阿尔宾斯基、农业科学博士H.Φ.库利克、Φ.M.卡西亚诺夫、З.Ш.沙姆苏季诺夫，生物学博士Л.E.罗金，土库曼斯坦科学院院士H.T.涅恰耶娃及其他许多人的帮助和咨询，作者对此表示衷心的感谢。\n前言、第2章、第4章第8节、参考文献目录以及书中出现的植物俄文和拉丁文名称索引由生物学博士Г.П.奥佐林编写。第1章由地理学博士А.Г.巴巴耶夫和地理学副博士Н.С.奥尔洛夫斯基撰写；第3章由农业科学副博士Н.Е.科克沙罗娃、В.В.丘欣娜和В.М.萨哈茨基撰写；第4章（除第8节外）由林业工程师М.Я.帕尔费诺夫撰写；第5章由农业科学博士А.И.莫尔恰诺娃撰写。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Г.П.奥佐林娜（Г.П. Озолина）\n出版社：Агропромышленное издательство\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1985年\n页数：231页\n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 630*114.462\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70009969
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 108198466, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "90200779-1e92-454d-a431-72eb8a792122.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "180.5165" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-10 20:00:46", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-23 14:09:14", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02226", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202507160001（XJLASRU70009969）双层.pdf", "size": 108198466, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "desert afforestation", "ds_abstract": "The concepts of “desert,” “desert zone,” and “desert region” have not yet been defined with sufficient precision. Nevertheless, most scientists agree that deserts are not lifeless areas. They are inhabited by a great diversity of organisms, including not only lower forms of life but also higher plants, reptiles, and large mammals. Human beings also live and actively carry out economic activities in deserts. Deserts are generally classified into northern deserts, southern deserts, and high-mountain deserts. This book deals with afforestation in southern deserts. These deserts are characterized by large fluctuations in air and surface temperatures, low precipitation (less than 300 mm annually), low relative humidity, and the highest levels of heat and solar radiation.\r\n\r\nForests are also found in deserts, although they are highly distinctive: sparse, low-growing, and providing little shade. The principal forest-forming species are white saxaul (Haloxylon persicum) and black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum). For example, in the deserts of Uzbekistan, white saxaul forests cover 1.274 million hectares, while black saxaul forests occupy 369,600 hectares. White saxaul forests are particularly extensive in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. The assimilating shoots of white saxaul contain up to 20.3% crude protein, 14.1% digestible protein, 2.6% fat, and as much as 60.8% cellulose. The productivity of desert saxaul stands is relatively low, amounting to only 20 to 50 cubic meters of biomass per hectare. In floodplain (tugai) forests, the average standing timber volume is only 32 cubic meters per forested hectare, with an annual increment of 2 cubic meters. Other desert plants, such as Calligonum, Salsola, Halocnemum, tamarisk, and others, exhibit even lower productivity.\r\n\r\nSuch low productivity is determined primarily by the harsh growing conditions: poor soils, often saline, shifting sands, and very limited precipitation ranging from 80 to 200 mm annually. The stock of edible vegetation on desert pastures is likewise low, accumulating only 2 to 4 centners of dry matter per hectare. However, through forestry improvement measures, the productivity of desert pastures can be substantially increased. These pastures become multi-layered, produce greater amounts of forage, and, most importantly, become suitable for year-round use. Desert pastures improved through the planting of shrubs and semi-shrubs and protected by belts of trees or tree-like shrubs can be effectively utilized by livestock even during winter. Grazing within a system of shelterbelts is also easier to organize and manage. Livestock kept under the protection of forest belts and green “umbrellas” exhibit higher survival rates and greater productivity.\r\n\r\nThe book draws upon research results obtained by the All-Union Research Institute of Agroforestry Reclamation, the Central Asian Forestry Research Institute, and the Desert Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan, as well as published materials from many other institutions, including the All-Union Karakul Sheep Research Institute, the Kazakhstan Forestry Research Institute, the Forestry Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan.\r\n\r\nDuring the preparation of the book, the author received valuable assistance and advice from Academician B. B. Vinogradov of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Corresponding Member A. B. Albinsky of the same academy, Doctors of Agricultural Sciences N. F. Kulik, F. M. Kasiyanov, and Z. Sh. Shamsutdinov, Doctor of Biological Sciences L. E. Rogin, Academician N. T. Nechaeva of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan, and many other colleagues, to whom the author expresses sincere gratitude.\r\n\r\nThe Preface, Chapter 2, Section 8 of Chapter 4, the bibliography, and the indexes of Russian and Latin plant names appearing in the book were prepared by Doctor of Biological Sciences G. P. Ozolin. Chapter 1 was written by Doctor of Geographical Sciences A. G. Babayev and Candidate of Geographical Sciences N. S. Orlovsky; Chapter 3 by Candidates of Agricultural Sciences N. E. Koksharova, V. V. Chukhina, and V. M. Sakhatsky; Chapter 4 (except Section 8) by Forestry Engineer M. Ya. Parfenov; and Chapter 5 by Doctor of Agricultural Sciences A. I. Molchanova.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): 丨.П. Ozzorina (丨.П.Озолина）\r\nPublished by: Агр опр омы л е н н о е изда т е льство\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1985\r\nPages: 231 pages\r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п К 630*114.462\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70009969", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", fully complying with the data information of \"Desert Afforestation\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Desert Afforestation\" was processed electronically. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the data information of \"Desert Afforestation\" was not changed and deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "防护林营造", "荒漠林业改良" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "植物地理学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1985 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }