在公元前一千年末至公元一千年上半叶，南哈萨克斯坦广袤的领土上曾存在康居国——东方大国之一，其影响力东起塔拉斯和费尔干纳，西北至南咸海地区，北及哈萨克斯坦中部草原，南达中亚。康居的地理定位、康居部落分布区域的确定、其民族语言归属的判定、与具体考古文化的比对以及后者的年代测定，共同构成了所谓的“康居问题”，而该问题至今尚未完全解决。\r\n近年来，对锡尔河流域、阿雷斯河谷、塔拉斯山前地带、卡尔然套和卡拉套地区农牧业文化遗址的研究兴趣急剧增长。由谢·帕·托尔斯托夫开始的杰特阿斯尔地区的发掘工作，现由柳·姆·列维娜率领的花拉子模考古民族学考察队考古分队成功延续。\r\n解决康居问题是哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院及奇姆肯特师范学院考古考察队的工作方向之一。在阿雷斯河及锡尔河中游地区进行的勘探、选择性发掘、以及对聚落地形学和地层学的研究，始于20世纪60年代末的七河考察队，后由奥特拉尔考察队继续，自1971年起则由南哈萨克斯坦综合考古考察队（队长：克·阿·阿基舍夫）负责。通过考察研究，在克孜勒库姆和突厥斯坦地区发现并探查了众多居住址和城址，并在科克马尔丹、普舒克马尔丹、科斯托别等地发掘了博里扎尔、科克马尔丹、毛拉马尔丹等墓葬群。\r\n1980年，奇姆肯特师范学院考古考察队（队长：恩·帕·波杜什金）的工作人员也加入了该课题的研究，他们发掘了恰扬的阿克托别城址、巴达姆河上的阿尔滕托别、赛拉姆河上的卡拉托别城址，以及阿尔滕托别和卡拉托别墓葬群。在考察奇姆肯特州苏扎克区、阿尔塔巴斯区、列宁格勒区、布贡区、赛拉姆区、秋尔库巴斯区和列宁区的过程中，\r\n考察队发现并研究了数十个新的居住址、城址和墓葬群，并绘制了其分布图。\r\n1986-1987年，哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院文物汇编考古考察队（队长：克·姆·拜帕科夫）对南哈萨克斯坦和七河地区的遗址进行了研究。其下属的一个分队开始了对马尔丹库尤克（科内尔托别）城址的定位发掘。\r\n本书的任务在于：系统整理新获得的材料，并对其进行分析以对城址、居住址、墓葬群进行类型学划分；对材料（首先是陶器）进行分类；研究遗址的地形学和年代学；研究居住建筑的演变路径；解决与所研究时期南哈萨克斯坦的社会经济关系、意识形态观念及民族过程相关的问题。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：К.М.（К.М.Байпаков）, А.Н.波杜什金（А.Н.Подушкин）\r\n出版社： Издательство «НАУКА» Казахской ССР\r\n出版地：阿拉木图\r\n出版年：1956年\r\n页数：407页\r\n语种：俄文\r\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70018614
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 95554675, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "2ce95d2e-06a1-40bf-acdf-3fe4f77ffb04.png", "ds_thumb_from": 2, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "770", "780" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-16 12:16:58", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-16 18:03:47", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02369", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202508210001（XJLASRU70018614）双层.pdf", "size": 95554675, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Nomadic cultural sites in South Kazakhstan", "ds_abstract": "At the end of the first millennium BCE and during the first half of the first millennium CE, the vast territory of Southern Kazakhstan was occupied by the state of Kangju, one of the great powers of the East. Its sphere of influence extended from the Talas and Fergana regions in the east, to the southern Aral Sea area in the northwest, to the steppes of Central Kazakhstan in the north, and to Central Asia in the south. The geographical localization of Kangju, the determination of the distribution area of the Kangju tribes, the identification of their linguistic affiliation, the correlation of Kangju with specific archaeological cultures, and the dating of those cultures together constitute the so-called “Kangju Problem,” which has not yet been fully resolved.\r\n\r\nIn recent years, interest in the study of agricultural and pastoral cultural sites in the Syr Darya basin, the Arys Valley, the Talas foothill zone, and the Karzhantau and Karatau regions has increased sharply. Excavations in the Zhetyasar region, initiated by S. P. Tolstov, have been successfully continued by the archaeological unit of the Khorezm Archaeological-Ethnographic Expedition under the leadership of L. M. Levina.\r\n\r\nThe resolution of the Kangju Problem has become one of the major objectives of the archaeological expeditions of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR and the Chimkent Pedagogical Institute. Surveys, selective excavations, and topographical and stratigraphic investigations of settlements in the Arys River basin and the middle reaches of the Syr Darya began in the late 1960s under the Semirechye Expedition, were later continued by the Otrar Expedition, and from 1971 onward were conducted by the South Kazakhstan Complex Archaeological Expedition headed by K. A. Akishev. As a result of these investigations, numerous settlements and urban sites were discovered and examined in the Kyzylkum and Turkestan regions, while burial grounds at Borijar, Kokmardan, and Maulamardan were excavated near Kokmardan, Pushukmardan, and Kostobe.\r\n\r\nIn 1980, researchers from the archaeological expedition of the Chimkent Pedagogical Institute, led by N. P. Podushkin, joined the study of this problem. They excavated the Aktobe settlement near Chayan, Altyntobe on the Badam River, Karatobe on the Sairam River, as well as the burial grounds associated with Altyntobe and Karatobe. During surveys conducted in the Suzak, Altabas, Leningrad, Bugun, Sairam, Tyulkubas, and Lenin districts of Chimkent Province, the expedition discovered and investigated dozens of new settlements, urban sites, and burial grounds, and mapped their distribution.\r\n\r\nIn 1986–1987, the Archaeological Expedition for the Compilation of Archaeological Monuments of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, headed by K. M. Baypakov, investigated sites in Southern Kazakhstan and Semirechye. One of its detachments began exploratory excavations aimed at locating the settlement of Mardankuyuk (Konyrtobe).\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this book is to systematize newly acquired materials and analyze them in order to establish a typology of settlements, urban sites, and burial grounds; to classify archaeological materials, primarily pottery; to investigate the topography and chronology of the sites; to trace the evolution of residential architecture; and to address issues related to the socio-economic relations, ideological concepts, and ethnic processes of Southern Kazakhstan during the period under study.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): К.М.（К.М.Байпаков）, А.Н. Podushkin (А.Н.Подушкин）\r\nPublished by: А зда тельс тво « АУ А А А» с к ой С С С С\r\nPublished: Almaty\r\nPublication year: 1956\r\nPages: 407 pages\r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70018614", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center stores the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\" and fully complies with the data information of \"Nomadic Cultural Sites in South Kazakhstan\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Nomadic Cultural Sites in South Kazakhstan\" were processed electronically. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Code for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources,\" the data information of \"Nomadic Cultural Sites in South Kazakhstan\" was not changed or deleted, and the data quality was reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "考古遗址", "陶器群" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "历史学", "考古学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "苏联" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1953 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }