本论文集《亚洲土壤地理与分类》旨在提供对亚洲一些过去研究较少的国家土壤覆盖的一般认识，并向广泛的科学界展示关于土壤形成理论的最新材料，彰显其实践意义。关于亚洲土壤分类的一系列当代问题曾在塔什克斯坦举行的联合国教科文组织/粮农组织国际研讨会（1962年）上进行过讨论。该研讨会的精选材料已收入本论文集。\n论文集第一部分收录了关于干旱区土壤的文章。本部分以亚洲大陆荒漠土壤的分类（Е. В. 洛博娃）开篇。荒漠土壤分布广阔，从里海向西延伸至黄河河口。这些土壤性质的显著差异与西亚和中亚的生物气候特点有关。\n研究表明，土壤的碳酸盐和盐分剖面、腐殖质类型及粘土形成特征在西亚和中亚各不相同。考虑到土壤的总体发生学特性及其与成土母质、盐渍化程度和历史发展相关的变异，研究者们认为有可能提出荒漠土壤的分类方案，将其划分为土类、亚类和土种；分类与植被特征及土壤农业利用密切相关。关于灌溉土壤的分类另有一篇专门文章（Б. В. 戈尔布诺夫）。\n鉴于山脉占据亚洲大陆的广阔区域，并且山地土壤的选择性利用已经展开，山地土壤的分类问题变得尤为迫切。А. М. 马梅托夫关于吉尔吉斯苏维埃社会主义共和国土壤分类、垂直带性和省性的文章，描述了该共和国的土壤覆盖，同时也展示了可成功应用于亚洲其他山地国家土壤分类的方法。\n亚洲其他国家的土壤在关于伊拉克（М. Л. 德瓦恩）、阿富汗（苏布拉马尼安、纳瑟罗夫、扎里夫-萨利姆）、叙利亚（范利尔）的报告中得到了描述。\nМ. Л. 德瓦恩的文章描述了伊朗的土壤特征。\n文中称为\"褐色\"的土壤，根据其描述，类似于典型的甚至暗色的灰钙土。（德瓦恩所述的）栗钙土，或许应等同于\"棕色土\"（参见本论文集中阿兰巴耶夫的文章）。在伊朗的栗钙土中，确定了相当高的腐殖质含量：3-4%，上层呈中性反应，碳酸盐出现在30-40厘米深度。\n伊朗最湿润地区（马赞德兰省、戈尔甘省）的土壤被归为棕色森林土、红黄色灰化土、红色和褐色地中海型土。文章中提供的这些土壤特征，使其能够与外高加索的类似土壤进行比较。\nМ. Л. 德瓦恩在其工作的结论部分提出了土壤的农业生产分组，以及用于不同农作物的土壤面积数据。\n苏布拉马尼安、萨利姆、纳瑟罗夫的文章作为该国土壤学家对阿富汗土壤的首次概述，颇有价值。迄今为止，我们关于阿富汗土壤的信息基于间接数据：农学家、地植物学家的研究（Н. И. 瓦维洛夫、Н. Г. 切尔尼亚科夫斯卡娅、А. В. 普罗佐罗夫斯基、Л. Е. 罗金）。本文提供了一系列关于灰钙土及其他土壤的新资料。阿富汗的灰钙土不同于苏联的典型灰钙土之处在于，存在明显紧实的、微红色的B层（粘化层），以及碳酸盐的分布特征略有不同。\n范利尔的文章概述了叙利亚的土壤及其利用情况。在叙利亚山区，分布着可与苏联分类中的棕色淋溶土和棕色森林土相比较的土壤。叙利亚的草原带被视为半萨王纳植被。叙利亚的荒漠带土壤（据作者）与石质、石膏质和冲积母质相关。\n作者指出许多土壤的高碳酸盐性和盐渍化，但认为在叙利亚防治盐渍化并非特别困难。\nЛ. Е. 罗金和 Н. И. 巴济列维奇的文章描述了叙利亚和苏联的灰钙土和荒漠土。紧密结合土壤特征，研究了土壤-植物系统中灰分元素和氮素的生物循环。文章包含一系列原始材料和结论：荒漠和半荒漠土壤生物循环的类型化、土壤与植物量中化学元素的比例。这项工作与范利尔的文章一同，有助于比较亚热带干旱区（叙利亚）和亚寒带干旱区（苏联）成土过程的特点。\n显然，亚热带荒漠土的特征是铁在土壤剖面中迁移更明显，因此颜色更红，以及土壤下部碳酸盐含量较高。\n在叙利亚的亚热带灰钙土中，淋溶层清晰可见，且剖面厚度通常不大。明显的淋溶作用伴随微弱的粘土迁移，这似乎是此类亚热带土壤的重要诊断特征。\nМ. А. 阿卜杜拉耶夫（乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国）和 М. 阿兰巴耶夫（土库曼苏维埃社会主义共和国）的文章致力于研究棕色土，有趣的是描述了这些土壤的极端变体：最干旱的——土库曼变体，和相当湿润的——乌兹别克变体。土库曼的棕色土形成于干旱草原之下；对其研究证实了关于粘土在剖面中部积累的现有观点，并补充和扩展了这些观点。在棕色干草原土中，确认了微弱的风化作用、水云母质粘土矿物和高岭石的积累。可以认为，此处的高岭石是第三纪时期土库曼存在更湿润气候的残留证据。\n文章论证了划分两种棕色土类型的必要性：\"干草原型\"和\"森林型\"。作者认为棕色干草原土与伊朗的\"栗钙土\"相似，而棕色森林土则与伊朗描述的\"褐色地中海型土\"相似（参见本论文集中德瓦恩的文章）。\n因此，认为有必要划分干草原类棕色土和在湿润地区发育的棕色土类。\n泽拉夫尚山系的棕色土淋溶程度更高（泡沫反应起始更深）。在塔什克研讨会期间的考察中对其进行的观察，引发了苏联与国外土壤学家之间的讨论。后来，R. 梅尼耶发表了一篇文章，总结了这场讨论，比较了不同地区的棕色土。\nR. 梅尼耶（以及其他来自国外的研讨会参与者）认为，克里米亚的棕色土可与\"地中海型栗钙土\"等同；乌兹别克斯坦的棕色土类似棕色森林土。（应当指出，此前 А. Н. 罗扎诺夫称这些土壤为\"草甸-棕色土\"）。R. 梅尼耶还强调，地中海型栗钙土发育于冬季温暖的气候中，这导致其出现特殊特征：更强的淋溶作用、铁的释放及其在剖面中的迁移。苏联的棕色土形成于寒冷的冬季，因此其特征是淋溶较弱、铁的移动性较弱以及腐殖质积累较多。\nМ. Г. 科恩伯格斯卡娅的文章探讨了受灌溉影响的冲积沉积物上土壤的荒漠化过程。\n通过考古数据对比，确定了荒漠土壤的年龄。例如，最年轻的\"灰色荒漠土\"在停止灌溉约100年后出现，而更古老的荒漠土年龄超过500-600年。文章提供了关于植物对成土作用影响的具体数据。\nМ. А. 穆拉维约娃和 З. Б. 谢利特连尼科娃阐述了关于乌兹别克斯坦淡色、典型和暗色灰钙土、棕色土及草甸-沼泽土中腐殖质形成特征的详尽研究结果。\n作者详细研究了植物残体的分解速度和特点；确定了腐殖化过程对不同土壤腐殖质组分组成的影响。研究者们成功揭示了乌兹别克斯坦主要土壤腐殖质状况的一系列具体特征。\nМ. А. 里什的文章《乌兹别克斯坦荒漠土和灰钙土中的微量元素》包含了新颖而独特的材料和结论。荒漠土和灰钙土在苏联已得到相当详细的研究，但其微量元素含量尚未如此详尽地研究过。对土壤和植物中微量元素的关联研究表明，这可以深化土壤诊断。例如，形态上表达不清晰的土壤层次（如灰钙土中的B层）可以通过其中微量元素的积累更可靠地确定。在其他一些情况下，微量元素的积累可以指示正在发生的土壤过程。文章材料描绘了土壤-植物系统中生物地球化学过程的广阔图景，并为评估土壤肥力和提出农畜牧业措施建议奠定了基础。\n论文集第二部分收录了关于热带国家的文章。本部分让读者能大致了解印度、巴西、马来亚联邦等国的土壤覆盖情况。\n由苏联专家描述的赤道和热带森林土壤，见于 М. 卡马戈、К. Р. 帕纳博克、В. П. 潘顿的文章中。\nН. Р. 帕纳博克阐述了锡兰\"主要土壤类别\"的清晰分类。对主要土壤类别（或按我们的理解，类型）的有趣诊断。文章中最详细地描述了六种类别。\n对于苏联读者而言，有价值的是能够将土壤剖面特征与锡兰的气候条件进行对比。例如，砖红壤性土壤形成于年降水量达5000毫米且季节分配均匀的湿润热带森林下。砖红壤性土壤，或称\"红色和黄色砖红壤\"，风化强烈：不含未风化矿物；剖面均一，无B层。年降水量200毫米至2500毫米的\"过渡带和干旱带\"土壤被称为\"褐色无碳酸盐土\"；其中形成B层，结构体表面有粘粒胶膜。阳离子交换量较小——每100克粘粒25-40毫克当量。其中铁镁矿物含量较少。\n在年降水量少于1625毫米的\"干旱\"地带，发育着具有质地B层的\"红褐色\"土壤。该层次发育明显更好，其中清晰可见粘粒胶膜。阳离子交换量较大：每100克粘粒45-50毫克当量。土壤中除高岭石外，还有伊利石和大量蒙脱石。印度尼西亚的类似土壤被称为\"红色地中海型土\"。\n巴西土壤的分类（卡马戈）大致基于相同原则构建，但这些原则并非始终贯彻，因为同一组别中包含了非常肥沃（罗查土）和贫瘠的土壤。难以认同其\"砖红壤\"的划分原则。\nВ. П. 潘顿的文章中，土壤类别的划分考虑了土壤的发生学意义及其肥力水平。潘顿强调，由于对最大限度利用国家土壤资源的兴趣增长，编制土壤图的需求已经成熟。潘顿阐述了该国土壤研究的历史，指出地质调查在这些工作中的重要作用。\n作者提供的土壤特征相当详细。关于柚木林下土壤的描述很有趣。潘顿指出了一个独特现象：根据诊断属贫瘠的砖红壤性土壤，实际上能产出不错的收成。这是由于以下原因：1）如果未风化的母岩埋藏不深，根系可从中吸取养分；2）砖红壤性土壤良好的结构性创造了有利的水分-空气状况；3）贫瘠的表土层有时因侵蚀而被移除；在此情况下，弱风化母岩接近地表。\n一个独特的情况是，冲积沉积物上的土壤往往最贫瘠，因为据潘顿称，这些沉积物和土壤经历了\"双重风化循环\"。\n干旱热带稀树草原的土壤在 С. П. 赖乔杜里和 R. 梅尼耶的文章中有所阐述。此外，Р. Аскаев 的文章中也给出了总体描述。\n印度稀树草原的土壤——黑棉土，建议根据剖面厚度分为三组。此外，还划分出印度南部省份稀树草原的\"红色土\"。С. П. 赖乔杜里在文章中对比了印度土壤分类与亚洲图例。\nR. 梅尼耶的文章总结了西非半干旱土壤的多年研究成果。这些工作使得能够比较不同大陆热带半干旱地区的土壤，并有望在未来进行全球性半干旱和干旱土壤的诊断与分类。目前，在术语和概念上存在很大分歧。例如，法国土壤学家认为，只有撒哈拉型沙漠及其类似地区可称为荒漠，而苏联的沙漠和荒漠土壤可归类为半干旱地区和半干旱土壤。\n（从梅尼耶文章可见）热带半干旱褐色土与温带半干旱土壤的区别在于，热带褐色土中铁在土壤剖面中有显著迁移，没有大量的盐化和碱化，但形成粘质B层。\nR. 梅尼耶探讨了碳酸盐化、铁质化、粘土形成和草原化过程。草原化过程的探讨过于笼统，未涉及腐殖质形成类型的材料。\n除了上述讨论主要土壤类别或按我们术语称为地带性土壤的文章外，论文集中还收录了关于东南亚主要粮食作物——水稻种植土壤的文章：即\"水稻土\"（R. 杜达尔文）、\"退化土壤\"（Б. Г. 罗扎诺夫）、草甸土（И. И. 卡尔马诺夫）和几内亚草甸土（Н. В. 金伯格）。\n这些详尽研究的理论和实践意义毋庸置疑。目前，为深入研究土壤，应用了各种方法，能够更全面地确定土壤的性质和本质。无疑，在研究土壤的物理、化学和矿物学特性方面已取得巨大成果。\n土壤腐殖质的本质，可能是形成土壤类型的最主要因素。正因如此，论文集中收录了关于亚寒带干旱纬度腐殖质类型的文章（Н. Т. 穆拉维约娃）。\n因此，本论文集收录的文章向读者介绍了亚洲干旱区和热带区的一些新数据，阐明了一些土壤的发生学，并在此基础上，有助于确定亚洲土壤在其他大陆土壤中的地位。\n总体而言，本论文集是对亚洲土壤学说的重大科学贡献，也是各国科学家为农业共同进步而进行创造性合作的象征。
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：Н. В. Кимберг, В. А. Ковда, Е. В. Лобова, А. М. Мамытов, М. У. Умаров (Н. В. 金伯格, В. А. 科夫达, Е. В. 洛博娃, А. М. 马梅托夫, М. У. 乌马罗夫)\n出版社：Издательство «Наука»\n出版地：莫斯科\n出版年：1965年\n页数：258页 \n语种：俄文\n分类号：УДК 631.41 (5—01)\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS RU 70002115
", "ds_process_way": "本书为中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所文献信息中心（以下简称中心）馆藏文献，中心将本书电子化后存储，已经过OCR识别，数据加工过程依据国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》，完全遵照《亚洲土壤地理与分类》的数据信息，未改动删减。
", "ds_quality": "对收集到的《亚洲土壤地理与分类》进行电子化加工处理，按照国家标准《GB/T 31219.2-2014图书馆馆藏资源数字化加工规范》要求，未改动删减《亚洲土壤地理与分类》的数据信息，数据质量可靠。
", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-09-30 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "login-access", "ds_total_size": 147770164, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "无", "ds_thumbnail": "1fdc4d75-a3c8-4d38-bd1d-3ffe97a7c3b6.png", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "210.50" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-15 19:46:30", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-16 16:55:54", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.02353", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "202508170004（XJLASRU70002115）双层.pdf", "size": 147770164, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Soil geography and classification in Asia", "ds_abstract": "This collection, Soil Geography and Classification of Asia, aims to provide a general understanding of the soil cover of several Asian countries that have received relatively little attention in past research. It also seeks to present to the wider scientific community the latest materials concerning theories of soil formation and to demonstrate their practical significance. A number of contemporary issues related to the classification of Asian soils were discussed at the UNESCO/FAO International Seminar held in Tashkent in 1962. Selected materials from that seminar have been included in this volume.\r\n\r\nThe first section of the collection contains articles devoted to the soils of arid regions. It opens with a paper by E. V. Lobova on the classification of desert soils of the Asian continent. Desert soils occupy an immense area extending from the Caspian Sea westward to the mouth of the Yellow River. The marked differences in the properties of these soils are related to the bioclimatic characteristics of Western and Central Asia.\r\n\r\nResearch has shown that carbonate and salt profiles, humus types, and clay-formation characteristics differ significantly between Western and Central Asia. Taking into account the general genetic characteristics of these soils and their variations associated with parent materials, degrees of salinization, and historical development, researchers consider it possible to establish a classification scheme for desert soils, distinguishing soil classes, subclasses, and types. Such classification is closely related to vegetation characteristics and agricultural utilization. A separate article by B. V. Gorbunov is devoted to the classification of irrigated soils.\r\n\r\nSince mountain systems occupy vast areas of the Asian continent and selective utilization of mountain soils has already begun, the problem of classifying mountain soils has become particularly urgent. A. M. Mametov’s article on soil classification, vertical zonation, and provincial differentiation in the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic describes the soil cover of that republic and demonstrates methods that may successfully be applied to the classification of soils in other mountainous countries of Asia.\r\n\r\nThe soils of other Asian countries are described in reports dealing with Iraq (M. L. Devine), Afghanistan (Subramanian, Naserov, and Zarif-Salim), and Syria (Van Lier).\r\n\r\nM. L. Devine’s article describes the characteristics of the soils of Iran.\r\n\r\nThe soils referred to in the article as “brown soils,” according to their descriptions, resemble typical or even dark sierozems. The chestnut soils described by Devine may perhaps be equivalent to the “brown soils” discussed by Alambayev elsewhere in this volume. Iranian chestnut soils are characterized by a relatively high humus content of 3–4 percent; their upper horizons have a neutral reaction, and carbonates appear at depths of 30–40 cm.\r\n\r\nThe soils of the most humid regions of Iran, including Mazandaran and Gorgan Provinces, are classified as brown forest soils, red-yellow podzolized soils, and red and brown Mediterranean-type soils. The characteristics provided make it possible to compare these soils with similar soils of Transcaucasia.\r\n\r\nIn the concluding section of his work, M. L. Devine proposes an agricultural-production grouping of soils and presents data on the area of soils suitable for different crops.\r\n\r\nThe article by Subramanian, Salim, and Naserov is valuable as the first general survey of Afghan soils prepared by soil scientists of that country. Until now, information on Afghan soils has largely been based on indirect evidence from studies by agronomists and geobotanists, including N. I. Vavilov, N. G. Chernyakovskaya, A. V. Prozorovsky, and L. E. Rogin. The paper provides new data on sierozems and other soils. Afghan sierozems differ from the typical sierozems of the Soviet Union in the presence of a distinctly compact, slightly reddish B horizon (argillic horizon) and somewhat different patterns of carbonate distribution.\r\n\r\nVan Lier’s article provides an overview of the soils of Syria and their utilization. In the mountainous regions of Syria, soils comparable to the brown leached soils and brown forest soils of the Soviet classification occur. The Syrian steppe zone is regarded as supporting semi-savanna vegetation. According to the author, the soils of the desert zone are associated with stony, gypsiferous, and alluvial parent materials.\r\n\r\nThe author points to the high carbonate content and salinity of many Syrian soils but considers salinity control in Syria to be a relatively manageable problem.\r\n\r\nThe article by L. E. Rogin and N. I. Bazilevich describes the sierozem and desert soils of Syria and the Soviet Union. Closely linked to soil characteristics, the study examines the biological cycling of ash elements and nitrogen within soil-plant systems. The article contains original data and conclusions concerning the typology of biological cycling in desert and semi-desert environments as well as the proportions of chemical elements contained in soils and vegetation biomass. Together with Van Lier’s paper, this work facilitates comparison between soil-forming processes in subtropical arid regions such as Syria and subboreal arid regions of the Soviet Union.\r\n\r\nIt is evident that subtropical desert soils are characterized by more pronounced migration of iron within the profile, giving them a redder coloration and higher carbonate contents in the lower horizons.\r\n\r\nIn the subtropical sierozems of Syria, a leached horizon is clearly visible, and soil profiles are generally not very thick. Pronounced leaching is accompanied by weak clay translocation, which appears to be an important diagnostic characteristic of these subtropical soils.\r\n\r\nThe articles by M. A. Abdullayev (Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic) and M. Alambayev (Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic) are devoted to the study of brown soils. Particularly interesting is their description of the two extreme variants of these soils: the driest Turkmen variant and the relatively humid Uzbek variant. The brown soils of Turkmenistan develop under arid steppe vegetation. Their investigation confirmed and expanded existing concepts regarding the accumulation of clay in the middle part of the profile. In brown dry-steppe soils, weak weathering processes, hydromica clay minerals, and accumulations of kaolinite were identified. The occurrence of kaolinite may be regarded as evidence of the more humid climatic conditions that prevailed in Turkmenistan during the Tertiary period.\r\n\r\nThe authors argue for the necessity of distinguishing two types of brown soils: the “dry-steppe type” and the “forest type.” Brown dry-steppe soils are considered similar to the “chestnut soils” of Iran, whereas brown forest soils resemble the “brown Mediterranean-type soils” described for Iran.\r\n\r\nAccordingly, it is considered necessary to distinguish between dry-steppe brown soils and brown soils that develop in humid regions.\r\n\r\nThe brown soils of the Zeravshan mountain system exhibit a greater degree of leaching, as indicated by the deeper occurrence of carbonate effervescence. Observations made during field excursions associated with the Tashkent seminar stimulated extensive discussion between Soviet and foreign soil scientists. Subsequently, R. Ménier published an article summarizing these discussions and comparing brown soils from various regions.\r\n\r\nR. Ménier and other foreign participants in the seminar considered the brown soils of Crimea equivalent to “Mediterranean-type chestnut soils,” whereas those of Uzbekistan were regarded as similar to brown forest soils. It should be noted that these soils had previously been termed “meadow-brown soils” by A. N. Rozanov. Ménier emphasized that Mediterranean-type chestnut soils develop under climates with warm winters and therefore exhibit stronger leaching, greater release and migration of iron, and other distinctive features. Soviet brown soils, by contrast, develop under cold-winter conditions and are characterized by weaker leaching, lower iron mobility, and greater humus accumulation.\r\n\r\nM. G. Kornbergskaya’s article examines the desertification process affecting soils developed on alluvial deposits under irrigation.\r\n\r\nComparisons with archaeological evidence made it possible to estimate the age of desert soils. For example, the youngest “gray desert soils” appear roughly one hundred years after irrigation ceases, while older desert soils exceed 500–600 years in age. The article also provides specific data concerning the influence of vegetation on soil formation.\r\n\r\nM. A. Muravyova and Z. B. Shelitrennikova present detailed studies of the characteristics of humus formation in light, typical, and dark sierozems, brown soils, and meadow-marsh soils of Uzbekistan.\r\n\r\nThe authors closely investigated the rate and characteristics of plant-residue decomposition and determined the influence of humification processes on the composition of different humus fractions. Their work revealed a number of specific characteristics of the humus status of the principal soils of Uzbekistan.\r\n\r\nM. A. Rish’s article, “Trace Elements in Desert Soils and Sierozems of Uzbekistan,” contains original and highly valuable data and conclusions. Although desert soils and sierozems have been extensively studied within the Soviet Union, their trace-element composition had never previously been investigated in such detail. Studies of the relationship between trace elements in soils and plants demonstrate their value in improving soil diagnosis. Morphologically indistinct horizons, such as the B horizon in sierozems, can be identified more reliably through trace-element accumulation. In other situations, concentrations of trace elements may indicate ongoing soil-forming processes. The materials presented portray a broad picture of biogeochemical processes within soil-plant systems and provide a basis for evaluating soil fertility and developing recommendations for agricultural and livestock management.\r\n\r\nThe second section of the collection contains articles devoted to tropical countries. It provides readers with a general understanding of the soil cover of India, Brazil, the Federation of Malaya, and other tropical regions.\r\n\r\nDescriptions of equatorial and tropical forest soils by Soviet specialists are presented in papers by M. Camargo, K. R. Panabok, and V. P. Panton.\r\n\r\nN. R. Panabok presents a clear classification of the “major soil categories” of Ceylon. Particularly interesting are the diagnostic criteria used to distinguish the principal soil categories, which correspond roughly to soil types in Soviet terminology. Six categories are described in detail.\r\n\r\nFor Soviet readers, it is valuable to compare soil-profile characteristics with the climatic conditions of Ceylon. Lateritic soils develop under humid tropical forests receiving up to 5,000 mm of annual rainfall distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. These lateritic soils, known as “red and yellow latosols,” are intensely weathered: they contain no unweathered minerals and possess uniform profiles lacking a distinct B horizon.\r\n\r\nThe soils of the “transitional and dry zones,” where annual precipitation ranges from 200 to 2,500 mm, are termed “brown non-calcareous soils.” These soils possess a developed B horizon with clay coatings on aggregate surfaces. Their cation-exchange capacity is relatively low, ranging from 25 to 40 milliequivalents per 100 grams of clay. They contain relatively small quantities of iron- and magnesium-bearing minerals.\r\n\r\nIn the “dry” zone, receiving less than 1,625 mm of annual precipitation, “red-brown soils” with a textural B horizon develop. The horizon is more strongly expressed and clay coatings are clearly visible. Their cation-exchange capacity is higher, reaching 45–50 milliequivalents per 100 grams of clay. In addition to kaolinite, these soils contain illite and large quantities of montmorillonite. Similar soils in Indonesia are known as “red Mediterranean-type soils.”\r\n\r\nCamargo’s classification of Brazilian soils is broadly based on the same principles, although these are not always applied consistently, since highly fertile soils such as terra roxa and infertile soils are included within the same grouping. The criteria used to distinguish “lateritic soils” are difficult to accept without reservation.\r\n\r\nIn V. P. Panton’s article, soil categories are distinguished with consideration for both their genetic significance and fertility levels. Panton emphasizes that growing interest in achieving maximum utilization of national soil resources has created a pressing need for soil mapping. He reviews the history of soil studies in the country and highlights the important role played by geological surveys.\r\n\r\nThe characteristics of the soils described by the author are presented in considerable detail. Particularly interesting are the soils occurring under teak forests. Panton notes a remarkable phenomenon: soils classified diagnostically as poor lateritic soils can nonetheless produce satisfactory yields. This results from several factors: if unweathered bedrock lies close to the surface, roots can obtain nutrients from it; the good structural condition of lateritic soils creates favorable moisture and aeration regimes; and erosion may remove the infertile surface horizon, exposing weakly weathered parent material near the surface.\r\n\r\nAn unusual situation is that soils formed on alluvial deposits are often among the least fertile because, according to Panton, these deposits and soils have undergone a “double cycle of weathering.”\r\n\r\nThe soils of arid tropical savannas are discussed in the articles of S. P. Raychaudhuri and R. Ménier. A general description is also provided by R. Askaev.\r\n\r\nThe black cotton soils of the Indian savannas are proposed to be divided into three groups according to profile thickness. In addition, “red soils” of the savannas of southern India are distinguished. Raychaudhuri compares the Indian soil-classification system with the legend of the Soil Map of Asia.\r\n\r\nR. Ménier’s article summarizes many years of research on the semi-arid soils of West Africa. These studies make it possible to compare soils of tropical semi-arid regions across different continents and hold promise for the eventual establishment of a global system for the diagnosis and classification of arid and semi-arid soils. At present, however, major differences in terminology and concepts remain. For example, French soil scientists consider only Sahara-type deserts and comparable regions to be true deserts, whereas the deserts and desert soils of the Soviet Union are regarded as belonging to semi-arid regions and semi-arid soil categories.\r\n\r\nAccording to Ménier, tropical semi-arid brown soils differ from temperate semi-arid soils in that iron migrates extensively within the profile, salinization and alkalization are not strongly developed, and a clay-rich B horizon forms.\r\n\r\nMénier discusses the processes of calcification, ferruginization, clay formation, and steppification. His discussion of steppification is somewhat general and does not include detailed consideration of humus-formation types.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the articles dealing with major soil categories, or zonal soils in Soviet terminology, the collection also includes papers on the soils associated with rice cultivation, the principal food crop of Southeast Asia. These include studies of paddy soils (R. Dudal), degraded soils (B. G. Rozanov), meadow soils (I. I. Karmanov), and the meadow soils of Guinea (N. V. Kimberg).\r\n\r\nThe theoretical and practical significance of these detailed investigations is beyond doubt. Modern soil science employs a wide variety of methods that permit more comprehensive determination of soil properties and nature. Major advances have undoubtedly been achieved in the study of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of soils.\r\n\r\nThe nature of soil humus is perhaps the single most important factor in the formation of soil types. For this reason, the collection includes a paper by N. T. Muravyova dealing with humus types in the arid latitudes of the subboreal zone.\r\n\r\nThe articles collected in this volume introduce readers to new information concerning the arid and tropical regions of Asia, clarify the genesis of a number of soils, and thereby contribute to determining the place of Asian soils within the broader context of the soils of other continents.\r\n\r\nOverall, this collection represents a major scientific contribution to the study of Asian soils. It also stands as a symbol of the creative cooperation of scientists from many countries working together for the common advancement of agriculture.", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): Un.В.Кимберг, В.А.Ковда, Е.В.Лобова, А.М.Мамытов, М.У.Умаров (Н.В. Goldberg, B.А. Kovda, EH.В. Lobova, А.М. Mametov, Már.У. Umarov)\r\nPublished by: 丨 зда тельство « 丨 аука»\r\nPublished: Moscow\r\nPublication year: 1965\r\nPages: 258 pages \r\nLanguage: Russian\r\nClassification No.: У п б 631.41 (5-01)\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS RU 70002115", "ds_process_way": "This book is the collection of the Documentation and Information Center of the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Center). The center has stored the book electronically and has been recognized by OCR. The data processing process is in accordance with the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", and fully complies with the data information of \"Asian Soil Geography and Classification\" without modification or deletion.", "ds_quality": "The collected \"Asian Soil Geography and Classification\" was processed electronically. In accordance with the requirements of the national standard \"GB/T 31219.2-2014 Specifications for Digital Processing of Library Collection Resources\", the data information of \"Asian Soil Geography and Classification\" was not changed and deleted., the data quality is reliable.", "ds_acq_place": "Soviet Union", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_ref_way": "", "ds_format": "PDF format", "ds_projection": "no", "ds_space_res": "", "ds_time_res": "" } }, "license_type": null, "doi_reg_from": "reg_local", "cstr_reg_from": "reg_local", "doi_not_reg_reason": null, "cstr_not_reg_reason": null, "is_paper_in_submitting": false, "ds_topic_tags": [ "土壤分类", "亚洲土壤" ], "ds_subject_tags": [ "土壤学" ], "ds_class_tags": [], "ds_locus_tags": [ "中亚" ], "ds_time_tags": [ 1965 ], "ds_contributors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_meta_authors": [ "文献信息中心" ], "ds_managers": [ "文献信息中心" ], "category": "图书" }