自六十年代末七十年代初以来，跨单位合作和农工一体化已成为苏联农业管理和组织方面最热烈的话题。无论是苏联领导人，还是学术界，谈到农业问题几乎没有不涉及这个问题的。1976年苏共中央还专门通过《在跨单位合作和农工一体化基础上进一步发展农业生产专业化和集中化》的决议，提出跨单位合作和农工一体化是改进农业生产管理和组织的“崭新的解决办法”，是“进一步发展农业的主要方向”，是“最大的全国全党的任务”。在实际工作中，苏联各个地区、各个农业部门正在按照这一总的方针，以不同的形式进行重大的改组，即所谓“质的改造”。这是一个值得研究的问题。\n推行跨单位合作和农工一体化，是五十年代中期以来苏联农业管理制度改革的继续和发展。在苏联的具体条件下，这个问题的提出，有其一定的客观必然性。\n苏联的农业经过了曲折的道路。二十年代末三十年代初，苏联农业实现了全盘集体化。数目众多的、分散的小农经济联合成为集体农庄，建立了社会主义的大农业。社会主义的生产关系为生产力的发展开辟了广泛的可能性。但是，苏联的农业却长期停滞不前。直到1953年，苏联的谷物产量仍没有达到十月革命前最高产量。其原因是多方面的。客观上是由于社会主义革命缺乏经验，农业集体化没有可资参考的前鉴，在集体化过程中出现种种错误和缺点，造成农业生产一定的损失。三十年代以来，苏联农业刚得到恢复，又爆发了第二次世界大战，法西斯德国占领了苏联大片富庶的农业区，使苏联农业又遭到很大破坏。在二十多年时间里，农业生产两次大幅度下降，这不能不影响到农业总的发展速度。\n但是，苏联农业发展缓慢，除了客观原因外，还有一些主观方面的原因。尤其是在战后，苏联农业仍没有多大起色，这主要是由于农业政策上的错误以及农业管理制度不善所造成的。在这段时间，正如毛泽东同志指出的，苏联农产品征购任务过重，采购价格过低，“把农民挖得很苦”。据统计，五十年代初，谷物义务交售价格仅为成本的10%，牛肉——5%，猪肉——6%，牛奶——22%。这种杀鸡取卵、竭泽而渔的做法，严重挫伤了农民的积极性，妨碍了集体经济的巩固和发展。农业管理制度方面也存在不少问题。例如，主要靠行政办法领导和管理农业生产，很少利用经济方法进行管理；对集体农庄管得过死，没有注意发挥集体农庄的主动性；物质利益原则没有得到很好的贯彻，对庄员和职工的家庭副业进行了过多的限制，等等。所有这些都对农业生产的发展产生了不利的影响。\n五十年代中期以来，苏联的农业发展较快。从1953年到1978年的二十五年时间里，苏联农业总产值每年递增3.6%。毫无疑问，目前苏联农业仍然比较落后，仍是国民经济的薄弱环节，但也应看到，近二十多年来，各种农、畜产品的产量有了较大的增长，农业生产的面貌发生了很大的变化。\n近二十多年来，苏联对农业是相当重视的。投入农业的资金不断增多，最近五年，农业基本投资占国民经济建设总投资的27%。农业物质技术基础不断加强，农业机械化、化学化和水利化的水平日益提高。与此同时，在农业管理制度方面也进行了一系列的改革。苏联修改了农业计划办法，实行“以商品产品量为出发点”的计划制度，农庄、农场有权在国家下达的农产品采购任务的基础上自行制订农业生产计划，从而扩大了农庄、农场因地制宜安排生产的经营自主权；加强了管理农业的经济方法；注意运用价值、价格、成本、利润、信贷、利息等经济杠杆来刺激农业生产。如多次调整农产品收购价格，保证各种农产品生产都有赢利；实行采购计划一定五年不变，超计划交售给予50%加价奖励的采购办法；在国营农场推行完全经济核算制，对集体农庄实行银行直接贷款制，等等。同时，苏联加强了物质刺激，实行集体农庄庄员有保障劳动报酬制，并注意把农庄庄员和农场职工的收入同农庄、农场的最终生产成果联系起来。此外，苏联还调整了对庄员和职工的家庭副业政策，取消了所谓“无根据限制”，采取了在法令规定范围内加以扶植和鼓励的种种办法。\n当然，目前苏联农业管理方面，还存在不少问题。对农庄、农场管得过死的现象仍未得到根本改变，农业生产效率低下的问题长期没有解决。但是，应该指出，自五十年代中期以来进行的农业管理制度的一些改革措施，多少改善了生产关系的某些环节，对农业生产起了一定的促进作用。\n农业生产的管理制度和组织形式，应该随着生产力的发展而变化。从六十年代下半期以来，苏联农业的物质技术基础进一步加强，农业中运用的现代科学技术成就越来越多，农业逐渐转到工业基础上，在这种条件下，客观上要求进一步改革农业管理制度。\n如果说，五十年代中期到六十年代，苏联农业管理制度的改革，主要是调整国家、集体和个人三者经济利益方面的关系，调动农庄、农场和庄员职工的积极性的话，那么，进入七十年代以来，这种改革则着重于生产结构和组织结构方面的改组。这种改组的主要途径是，通过跨单位合作和农工一体化的办法，把多部门经营的农庄、农场逐步改造成为专业化的经营单位，进一步提高农业生产的集中水平，同时不断发展农业同与农业有关的工业部门、服务部门之间的经济联系，并从组织上融合成为一个整体。这是现代化农业提出的客观要求。目前，苏联各种形式的跨单位合作和农工组织已经得到一定的发展，并取得了相当的效果。应该指出，跨单位合作和农工一体化并不是苏联特有的现象。在大多数经济管理体制与苏联大体相同的东欧国家里，集体农业企业和国营农业企业的跨单位合作都已程度不同地得到了发展。至于农工一体化，更是世界上许多具有发达农业的国家（不管社会经济制度的性质如何）普遍出现的趋势。\n粉碎“四人帮”以后，特别是贯彻党的十一届三中全会精神以来，我国农业出现了崭新的气象。广大社员、干部和农业工作人员在总结建国三十年来农业发展正反两方面的经验的基础上，正在广泛开展我国农业发展思想的讨论。这场涉及我国农业如何实现现代化的意义深远的讨论，需要参考国外农业发展的情况和经验，作为借鉴。毛泽东同志曾经指出，一切民族、一切国家都有长处，也都有短处。外国一切腐败制度和思想作风，我们要坚决抵制和批判，但是，这并不妨碍我们去学习外国先进的科学技术和企业管理方法中合乎科学的方面。对于外国的东西，不加分析地一概排斥，或者一概照搬，“都不是马克思主义的态度，都对我们的事业不利。”对于苏联农业的管理制度，我们也应该采取这种实事求是的态度，有分析的态度，弃其糟粕，取其精华，为我所用。\n本书力图根据苏联官方文件和报刊文章等资料，客观地介绍苏联跨单位合作和农工一体化的理论和发展情况，供研究农业问题的同志以及有关同志参考。苏联农业的跨单位合作和农工一体化是既有联系又有区别的两个过程，为了叙述的方便，我们把这两个过程分开进行介绍。第一至四章主要阐述跨单位合作的有关问题；第五至八章主要阐述农工一体化的有关问题。由于我们水平不高，掌握资料有限，错误和缺点在所难免，请读者批评指正。\n1980年2月\n
", "ds_source": "作者（编委会）：周新城 王德根 编著\n出版社：农业出版社\n出版地：北京\n出版年：1981年\n页数：191页 \n语种：中文\n馆藏条形码：XJLAS 00096004\n
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", "ds_acq_start_time": "2025-12-15 00:00:00", "ds_acq_end_time": "2025-12-15 00:00:00", "ds_acq_place": "苏联", "ds_acq_lon_east": null, "ds_acq_lat_south": null, "ds_acq_lon_west": null, "ds_acq_lat_north": null, "ds_acq_alt_low": null, "ds_acq_alt_high": null, "ds_share_type": "apply-access", "ds_total_size": 30311447, "ds_files_count": 1, "ds_format": "PDF格式", "ds_space_res": "无", "ds_time_res": "无", "ds_coordinate": "无", "ds_projection": "", "ds_thumbnail": "01dc8ad5-1bba-45b7-b54b-9d1be31f6864.jpg", "ds_thumb_from": 0, "ds_ref_way": "", "paper_ref_way": "", "ds_ref_instruction": "", "ds_from_station": null, "organization_id": "a5877b42-96ea-4f13-af7e-246f355413d6", "doi_value": "", "subject_codes": [ "210.20", "210.99" ], "quality_level": 1, "publish_time": "2026-09-21 12:23:06", "first_publish_time": null, "last_updated": "2026-09-21 12:23:06", "protected": false, "protected_to": null, "lang": "zh", "cstr": "33110.11.ariddc.01571", "license": null, "extra": null, "files_shape": [ { "name": "20251215003(XJLAS00096004).pdf", "size": 30311447, "is_dir": false } ], "features": null, "data_level": 0, "i18n": { "en": { "title": "Reorganization of the organizational structure of agricultural production in the Soviet Union", "ds_abstract": "Since the late 1960s and early 1970s, inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial integration have become the most intensely discussed subjects in Soviet agricultural management and organization. Whether among Soviet leaders or in academic circles, discussions of agricultural issues almost invariably touched upon these topics. In 1976, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted a special resolution entitled Further Development of Specialization and Concentration of Agricultural Production on the Basis of Inter-Enterprise Cooperation and Agro-Industrial Integration. The resolution described inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial integration as a “fundamentally new solution” for improving the management and organization of agricultural production, the “main direction for the further development of agriculture,” and a “major task for the entire nation and the entire Party.” In practical work, different regions and agricultural sectors throughout the Soviet Union were carrying out major reorganizations in various forms under this general policy, a process referred to as a “qualitative transformation.” This is a subject worthy of careful study.\r\n\r\nThe promotion of inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial integration represented a continuation and development of the reforms in Soviet agricultural management initiated in the mid-1950s. Under the specific conditions of the Soviet Union, the emergence of this policy had a certain objective necessity.\r\n\r\nThe development of Soviet agriculture followed a tortuous path. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Soviet agriculture underwent complete collectivization. Numerous scattered small peasant farms were merged into collective farms, creating a socialist large-scale agricultural system. Socialist production relations opened broad possibilities for the development of productive forces. Nevertheless, Soviet agriculture stagnated for a long period. As late as 1953, Soviet grain production had still not reached its highest level recorded before the October Revolution. The reasons were manifold. Objectively, the socialist revolution lacked historical precedent, and there was no model to follow for agricultural collectivization. Various mistakes and shortcomings during the collectivization process caused losses in agricultural production. Just as Soviet agriculture began to recover in the 1930s, the Second World War broke out. Nazi Germany occupied vast and fertile agricultural regions of the Soviet Union, causing severe destruction to agriculture. Within little more than two decades, agricultural production suffered two major declines, inevitably affecting the overall rate of agricultural development.\r\n\r\nHowever, the slow development of Soviet agriculture was due not only to objective causes but also to a number of subjective factors. Particularly after the war, Soviet agriculture still failed to improve significantly, largely because of policy errors and weaknesses in the agricultural management system. During this period, as Mao Zedong pointed out, the state's procurement quotas for farm products were excessive and purchase prices too low, effectively “squeezing the peasants very hard.” According to statistics, in the early 1950s the compulsory procurement price for grain amounted to only 10 percent of production cost; for beef, 5 percent; for pork, 6 percent; and for milk, 22 percent. Such short-sighted policies seriously undermined peasants' enthusiasm and hindered the consolidation and development of the collective economy. There were also numerous problems in agricultural administration. For example, agricultural production was mainly directed and managed through administrative measures, with little use of economic methods; collective farms were subject to overly rigid control, and their initiative was not sufficiently encouraged; the principle of material incentives was not effectively implemented; and excessive restrictions were imposed on the household sideline activities of collective-farm members and employees. All of these factors adversely affected agricultural development.\r\n\r\nSince the mid-1950s, Soviet agriculture has developed more rapidly. During the twenty-five years from 1953 to 1978, the gross agricultural output of the Soviet Union increased at an average annual rate of 3.6 percent. Undoubtedly, Soviet agriculture remained relatively backward and continued to be a weak link in the national economy. Nevertheless, it should also be recognized that over the past two decades the output of various agricultural and livestock products increased substantially, and the overall appearance of agricultural production changed significantly.\r\n\r\nDuring the past two decades, the Soviet Union attached considerable importance to agriculture. Investment in agriculture increased steadily. In the most recent five-year period, agricultural capital construction accounted for 27 percent of total national investment. The material and technical basis of agriculture was continuously strengthened, while mechanization, chemicalization, and irrigation expanded steadily. At the same time, a series of reforms was introduced in agricultural administration.\r\n\r\nThe Soviet Union revised its agricultural planning methods and implemented a planning system based on the volume of marketable output. Collective farms and state farms were given the right to formulate their own production plans on the basis of state procurement targets, thereby expanding their managerial autonomy in organizing production according to local conditions. Greater emphasis was placed on economic methods of management, and economic levers such as value, prices, costs, profits, credit, and interest were increasingly used to stimulate agricultural production. Procurement prices for agricultural products were adjusted repeatedly to ensure profitability. Procurement plans were fixed for five-year periods, and deliveries beyond planned targets were rewarded with a 50 percent bonus. Comprehensive economic accounting was introduced in state farms, while direct bank lending was provided to collective farms.\r\n\r\nAt the same time, material incentives were strengthened. A guaranteed remuneration system for the labor of collective-farm members was introduced, and efforts were made to link the incomes of collective-farm members and state-farm employees with the final production results of their enterprises. In addition, policies concerning household sideline production were revised. So-called “unfounded restrictions” were abolished, and various forms of support and encouragement were provided within the framework of legal regulations.\r\n\r\nOf course, many problems still existed in Soviet agricultural management. Excessively rigid control over collective and state farms had not been fundamentally eliminated, and the problem of low agricultural productivity remained unresolved for a long time. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that the reforms implemented since the mid-1950s improved certain aspects of production relations and contributed to agricultural development to some extent.\r\n\r\nThe management system and organizational forms of agricultural production should evolve along with the development of productive forces. Since the latter half of the 1960s, the material and technical foundation of Soviet agriculture has been further strengthened. Modern scientific and technological achievements have been increasingly applied in agriculture, and agricultural production has gradually shifted onto an industrial foundation. Under these conditions, objective circumstances demanded further reform of agricultural management.\r\n\r\nIf the agricultural reforms of the mid-1950s through the 1960s were primarily aimed at adjusting the economic interests of the state, the collective, and the individual, and at stimulating the initiative of farms and agricultural workers, then the reforms of the 1970s focused more on restructuring production and organizational arrangements. The principal method of this restructuring was to transform diversified collective and state farms into specialized production units through inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial integration, further raising the level of concentration in agricultural production while strengthening economic ties between agriculture and related industrial and service sectors and integrating them organizationally into a unified whole.\r\n\r\nThis was an objective requirement of modern agriculture. Various forms of inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial organizations had already achieved considerable development in the Soviet Union and had produced significant results. It should be pointed out that inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial integration were not uniquely Soviet phenomena. In most Eastern European countries whose economic management systems were broadly similar to that of the Soviet Union, cooperation among collective and state agricultural enterprises had developed to varying degrees. Agro-industrial integration, meanwhile, had become a widespread trend in many agriculturally advanced countries throughout the world, regardless of their social and economic systems.\r\n\r\nAfter the downfall of the “Gang of Four,” and especially since the implementation of the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a new situation has emerged in Chinese agriculture. On the basis of summarizing both the positive and negative experiences of agricultural development during the thirty years since the founding of the People's Republic, peasants, cadres, and agricultural workers have been engaged in extensive discussions about the future course of Chinese agricultural development. This far-reaching discussion, concerning how China can realize agricultural modernization, requires reference to the experiences and developments of agriculture in other countries.\r\n\r\nMao Zedong once pointed out that every nation and every country has both strengths and weaknesses. While we must firmly resist and criticize all corrupt foreign institutions and unhealthy ideological trends, this does not prevent us from learning from the scientifically sound aspects of advanced foreign science, technology, and enterprise management. To reject everything foreign indiscriminately or to copy everything indiscriminately are both “attitudes inconsistent with Marxism and detrimental to our cause.” We should adopt the same realistic and analytical approach toward Soviet agricultural management, discarding its undesirable elements while absorbing its valuable experience for our own benefit.\r\n\r\nThis book seeks, on the basis of official Soviet documents, newspaper articles, and related materials, to provide an objective introduction to the theory and development of Soviet inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial integration for the reference of researchers and others interested in agricultural issues. Inter-enterprise cooperation and agro-industrial integration in Soviet agriculture are two processes that are closely related yet distinct. For convenience of presentation, they are discussed separately in this book. Chapters One through Four primarily deal with issues of inter-enterprise cooperation, while Chapters Five through Eight focus on agro-industrial integration. Owing to our limited expertise and access to source materials, errors and shortcomings are inevitable, and readers' comments and corrections are sincerely welcomed.\r\nFebruary 1980", "ds_source": "Author (Editorial Board): Written by Zhou Xincheng and Wang Degen\r\nPress: Agricultural Press\r\nPublished: Beijing\r\nPublication year: 1981\r\nPages: 191 pages \r\nLanguage: Chinese\r\nCollection barcode: XJLAS 00096004\r\n
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